Unknown what is bering referred to as "official citations,' however (in the US) all court cases are'public records' and, unless sealed by the court, are vailable for review by the public by going to the office of the Clerk of Court.
Depends on what jurisdiction you are in and what they have opted to designate their court system as. For example, the New York Court of Appeals is actually the equivalent of most states' Supreme...
That depends entirely on the presiding Judge, or Judges. They are supposed to follow the Constitution. But, unfortunately, that doesn't always happen. If the trial is by jury then the individual...
The states divide jurisdictions between state courts in their own manner. Where I live, felonies are heard in superior court and misdemeanors are heard in another court.
Trial courts hear both criminal and civil trials of ALL types. Think of any violation of a either a civil or a criminal law and (in the US) you can demand a jury trial for it.