Yes. It's called a special assessment, which each unit owner is required to pay.
The key phrase in your question is 'shortage of funds'. If the association borrows money from its owners to make repairs, then the owners and the association need a written agreement that details the repayment plan. A more common and more sound approach dictates that the association levies a special assessment against all owners to pay for repairs and other services. An association that operates with a 'shortage of funds' is not an association where units will be attractive to buyers.
As most home owners associations are written into the deed as a convanant there is no way out but to sell the property.
If the homes are within the provenance of the association, the new owners are automatically members of the association and are required to pay monthly assessments and live in the property according to the governing documents.
the insured or homeowner, unless there are some ''special'' circumstances you haven't explained
Homeowner associations are not voluntary: purchasing property governed by an association means that the owner is obligated to abide by the governing documents. Additional memberships, such as use of pool, golf course, club house and so forth may be optional. Assessments are collected from owners to support the operation of the association's business. If your governing documents subject you to paying assessments, and the board has the power to assess them, then they are due and owing.
Read your governing documents regarding minutes and owners' access to them. There is no standard; each association is different.
Read your governing documents, including any board resolutions that impose fines. Your board or association management company can help you understand the limit of behaviours which are fine-able offences.
Read your governing documents, and determine what action must be taken before a lien is filed. When you're ready to file a lien, work with your association-savvy attorney to accomplish this task.
Boards are expected to spend monies according to the annual budgets which owners ratify yearly. There may be extra-ordinary expenses, which the board must explain.
Norwegian Forest Owners Association was created in 1913.
National Association of Theatre Owners was created in 1965.
Yes, and your voting rights are based on the notion of your 'allocated interest' in your communal ownership of the assets of the association. Your governing documents set out your voting rights and responsibilities, together with a full description of the voting power of your individual 'allocated interest'.