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Formal or informal: Formal research is controlled, objective, and systematic gathering of data. The researcher carefully defines the things under study and what will and won't be studied. It is systematic in that we carefully follow prescribed rules in gathering and assessing data. It is controlled in that we carefully define, gather, and evaluate the data according to prescribed rules that can be reviewed for error. The formal method provides a description based upon agreed upon units that can be measured and assessed for reliability, whereas the informal method describes the data based on the intuition of the researcher. (page 6 of Don Sacks's book, "Primer of Public Relations Research.")

Formal research methods

Informal research methods

Data Collection

Controlled

Uncontrolled Save

Objective

Subjective

Systematic observation

Random observation

Data Assessment

Can be measured reliably

Can't be measured reliably

Validity can be measured

Validity is assumed

Is deductively interpreted Deductive (reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information than the premises taken collectively.)

Is inductively interpreted (an educated guess) a kind of reasoning that allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false even where all of the premises are true.

Outcomes

Description

Description

Understanding

Understanding

Prediction

Control

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Q: Difference between formal research and informal research?
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Definition of informal report?

Informal Report, also called short reports. It is a document that contains about two to five pages of text, not including attachments. It has more substance than a simple letter or memo but less than a formal report. It can be directed to readers either outside or inside your organization. If outside, it may be called a letter report. If inside, it may be called a memo report (Pfieffer, 1997, p.250).


Is Dr William Smith or William Smith Ph.D correct in correspondence?

William Smith PhD sounds more formal to me.


What are special handling requirement to protect privacy data and or sensitive data?

Labeling PII and/or PHI as "Controlled Unclassified Information" AND Transporting PII/PHI physically between approved locations with prior authorizations AND Storing PII/PHI after formal approval for transfer to a storage site are all required for special handling of privacy and sensitive data.


What are special handling requirement to protect privacy data and sensitive data?

Labeling PII and/or PHI as "Controlled Unclassified Information" AND Transporting PII/PHI physically between approved locations with prior authorizations AND Storing PII/PHI after formal approval for transfer to a storage site are all required for special handling of privacy and sensitive data.


What is the scientific name for push ups?

There is no formal name for push ups. Not everything has a scientific name. Its like asking what the scientific name for doing donuts in your car is. It doesn't have one.

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