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Religion & Spirituality

Throughout human history, humans have been searching for meaning. Many people find it in religious or spiritual worship or practice. The questions of religion have occupied humanity since our beginnings. Questions here include the ancient, organized, and new & evolving religions; faith, spirituality, and alternate pathways; as well as those of people still searching. Questions about the origins of religion, comparison of religion, and Atheism are also found here.

500 Questions

Indus valley religion?

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History presents no clear facts about the religion of people of Indus valley civilization. They might have been been nature worshipers, or perhaps followed some Pre-Aryan or Pre-Vedic religion, most probably Jainism (facts relating to Jainism are supported by some of their practices and the seals that have been found there). Some of the Indus seals show figures that resemble Shiva and Skanda, two Hindu deities, however.

What is the mantle like?

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The rocks and continents of the world belong to the Earth's crust. Beneath that crust is the Earth's mantle.

The mantle is the thick layer of hot, solid rock between the crust and the molten iron core. The mantle makes up the bulk of the Earth, accounting for two-thirds of its mass. The mantle starts about 30 kilometers down and is about 2900 kilometers thick.

Let's take a look at six different aspects of the mantle. Each of these six items links to an article with more detail.

1. Samples from the MantleEarth has the same recipe of elements as the Sun and the other planets (ignoring hydrogen and helium, which have escaped Earth's gravity). Subtracting the iron in the core, we can calculate that the mantle is a mix of magnesium, silicon, iron, and oxygen that roughly matches the composition of garnet.

Exactly what mix of minerals is present at a given depth is an intricate question that is not firmly settled. It helps that we have samples from the mantle, chunks of rock carried up in certain volcanic eruptions, from as deep as about 300 kilometers and sometimes much deeper. These show that the uppermost part of the mantle consists of the rock types peridotite and eclogite. But the most exciting thing we get from the mantle is diamonds.

2. Activity in the MantleThe uppermost mantle is slowly stirred by the plate motions going on above it. The main activities are the downward motion of subducting plates and the upward motion of mantle rock at spreading centers. All this commotion does not mix the upper mantle thoroughly, however, and geochemists think of the upper mantle as a rocky version of marble cake.

The world's patterns of volcanism faithfully reflect plate tectonics, but not the centers of eruptive action called hotspots. Hotspots may be a clue to the rise and fall of material much deeper in the mantle, even from its very bottom. Or they may not. There is a vigorous scientific discussion about hotspots these days.

3. Exploring the Mantle with Earthquake WavesOur most powerful tool for exploring the mantle is to monitor seismic waves from the world's earthquakes. The two different kinds of seismic wave, P waves (analogous to sound waves) and S waves (like the waves in a shaken rope), respond to the physical properties of the rocks they go through. Like light waves, they reflect off density boundaries and refract in rocks of different density. We use these effects to map the Earth's insides.

Our tools are good enough to treat the Earth's mantle the way doctors make ultrasound pictures of their patients. After a century of collecting earthquakes, we're able to make some impressive maps of the mantle.

4. Modeling the Mantle in the LaboratoryWith the human body, ultrasound images are just shadows unless we have hands-on knowledge of what is beneath the skin. The same is true of seismic mantle maps. Minerals and rocks change under high pressure. For instance, the common mantle mineral olivine changes to different crystal forms at depths of around 410 and 660 kilometers.

We study the behavior of minerals under conditions in the mantle with two methods: calculations based on the equations of mineral physics and laboratory experiments. Thus mantle studies are a three-way conversation of seismologists, computer programmers and lab researchers who can now reproduce conditions anywhere in the mantle with high-pressure laboratory equipment like the diamond-anvil cell.

5. The Mantle's Layers and Internal BoundariesOver the last century, seismic data has let us fill some of the blanks in the mantle. It has three main layers. The upper mantle extends from the base of the crust down to 660 kilometers depth. Many workers distinguish the transition zone between 410 and 660 kilometers, two depths at which major physical changes occur to minerals.

The lower mantle extends from 660 down to about 2700 kilometers, a point where seismic waves are affected so strongly that most researchers believe the rocks beneath are chemically different. This controversial layer at the bottom of the mantle, about 200 kilometers thick, has the odd name "D-double-prime." Read more of what we've learned about these layers and the crucial boundaries between them.

6. Why Earth's Mantle Is SpecialBecause the mantle is the bulk of the Earth, its story is fundamental to geology. The mantle began, during Earth's birth, as an ocean of magma atop the iron core. As it solidified, elements that didn't fit into the major minerals collected as a scum on top-the crust. After that the mantle began the slow circulation it has had for the last 4 billion years, with at least the upper part being cooled, stirred and hydrated by the tectonic motions of the surface plates.

At the same time, we have learned a great deal about the structure of Earth's sister planets Mercury, Venus and Mars. Compared to them, Earth has an active, lubricated mantle that is very special thanks to the same ingredient that distinguishes its surface: water.

Related Articles

  • Today's Mantle, a Guided Tour: Into the Mantle, Part 6
  • About the Crust of the Earth
  • The Secret Ingredient: Into the Mantle, Part 7
  • Sounding the Deep Earth: Into the Mantle, Part 4
  • The Lava-Lamp Earth

Andrew Alden

Geology Guide

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What religions are practiced in India?

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India has many different religions.The main religions in INdia are Hinduism,Buddism and Christianity.There are also many different subreligions in India (e.g Christianity-Catholic).

What were the early christians activities and their responsibilities?

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Still pertinent to our lives today, the book of Acts journals the Godly successes of the first-century believers. With perfection and detail accompanying eight sections of scripture, eight verses conclude and summarize the progression of Christian rise and expansion.

Regarding "rise," a great Bible scholar stated that our challenge is to elevate our living up to the level of God's Word. Regarding "expansion," as we live God's Word, holding it forth, God gives the increase. His Word never returns void, and miraculous results are produced according to His will.

The first concluding summary is in Acts 2, following a passage detailing the believers continuing in Biblical teaching and study, fellowshipping from house to house, and in prayers.

Acts 2:47 "Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved."

For greater depth and detail search for "The Rise and Expansion of the Christian Church"

How many times a day do Sikhs pray?

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Asmany times as they like, as some Sikhs are not as strict to their religon than others.

but manly 5 times a day.

How can you find inner peace and happiness without believing in the gospel?

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By caring about your community, whether that's your local neighborhood or your entire planet. Serving the greater good is a wonderful teaching shared by religious and non-religious folk alike. In my personal belief, if you need an external higher power to determine why you should act morally, then you are only acting out of fear or selfishness, not love and caring.

A person who suffers or dies rather than give up his or her beliefs is called?

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The person is called a marytr

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Savior sent by god?

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Every savior sent by God is different according to different times and races. The number of saviors or better known as Prophets is 124,000 Prophets. Some of the Prophet's names are found in religious books and some cannot be ascertained as to the existence of his name. However, what is certain is that the last Prophet sent by God is Prophet Muhammad PBUH.

Do Asian people drink alcohol?

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Many Asians tend to have a deficiency in Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase which breaks down the acetaldehyde that can accumulate in the brain after consumption of alcohol. This is what gives you the "hang over" affect.

What benefits could be expected from meditating on a regular basis?

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There are several health advantages of Yoga meditation. Yoga meditation can help destress a person and make them more relaxed. Getting rid of stress can help ease the body from being so tense, and putting stress on muscles, even the heart.

Why is it called alcoholics anonymous if you have to say your name?

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1. You don't have to say your name. No one makes you do anything in AA.

2. You don't say your last name unless you feel like it.

3. The anonymity refers to outside the meetings. I can't tell anyone I saw you there, or that you go to AA meetings. You can tell anyone you want, but it isn't recommended.

What is a virus's purpose that benefits the whole world?

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Science is just beginning to scratch the surface when it comes to understanding the role of viruses as it relates to life, health, and disease.

It is well known that some viruses, by their nature are pathogens, and harmful to organisms. They need to infect living cells to survive and multiply often killing the cell in the process. Not all viruses infect humans, most target other animals, plants and even bacteria.

Darwinists, accidentalists, and natural selectionists believe that viruses played an important role in evolution, when all life was single celled. Viruses manipulate and replicate DNA to survive. During the course of infection viruses have accidentally caused changes in organisms DNA sequence that caused mutations, some of these mutations would have been useful to the cell and so would help evolutionary progress. They also helped to spread these new sequences to different organisms and so added to the diversity of our gene pool. Even today humans have viral DNA left in our genes as part of our junk DNA.

A benefit that viruses can provide nowadays is to help doctors cure illnesses using gene therapy. Many illnesses are caused by faulty genes. In gene therapy doctors load a virus with a good copy of the gene so that the virus can inject this copy into faulty cells and make them work again. This technique could potentially save millions of lives.

It was once thought that all bacteria were harmful. Today we know that without bacteria we would be unable to digest our food and that some bacteria have a symbionic relationship with cells and carry needed nourishment to cells. We know that the vast majority of bacteria are "good bacteria." In the future we will no doubt discover the important role that bacteria and viruses play in relation to life, health, and disease.

Why do all hospital baby blankets use the same pattern?

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Almost all babies are the same size at birth, however, too much material can cause suffocation.

What is a spice in incense?

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if you are referring to the brand Spice it is essentially a combination of herbs with a (usually) unregulated synthetic cannabinoid (similar to active ingredient in marijuana) which produces similar effects. hope this helped.

What happens to you after death?

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When you die, you will finally see the Face of God. It is then determined whether or not your faith (and actions based on that faith) were enough to save you from eternal damnation in Hell and get you into Heaven where you are able to forever worship the one and only Father.

Definiton emotional growth?

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Emotional growth or maturation is the movement from complete self centeredness to a position where one is able to know, consider, respect, and provide for the needs of others setting their own natural emotional desires into second place in favor of that which is morally correct.

What is a good name for a love perfume?

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i think something like 'PUPPY LOVE' or 'true love'

How do you develop wisdom?

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There is a natural wisdom and there is a spiritual wisdom. Knowledge and experience brings the first, with a good dose of common sense but the second and important one is in the Book of James and reads,"if any man lacketh wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men liberally, but he that asketh, let him ask in faith, nothing doubting.

Wise as serpents . . . and as harmless as dovesNatural wisdom, as described, is also called worldly wisdom, which is described in the classic book Pilgrim's progress in the form of a character by the name of Worldly Wiseman.

The 3rd Member of the Godhead/ Trinity is just for this kind of thing, as the Holy Spirit is the Comforter, as well as that silent voice that you heard of in Sunday school, church, and maybe even in catechism.

The best way to gain wisdom is to read the Bible and ask for the Holy Spirit's guidance to bring the Book to life for you, as only the Author can.

Prayer is also very important too, as that is how you ask for God's help with understanding His Book as He does.

What is the main purpose of nursing?

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For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (U.S. Department of Labor) indicated directly below this answer section.

Why one have multi personality disorder?

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it is not by nature but the persecution by the people,friends,lovers and others makes them to change their personality according to the situations they face.

Its fine,

Thats mean each and every one is aware of this fact that a human can behave in resemblace of any personality, i.e. he can be a angry man, a lovely guy, a terminator, a guard, a son , a father, a brother - elder/younger etc.. Then why we allege a human we should take it as it is possible in our society.

Can men and woman dye their hair?

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There is nothing wrong with changing the hair colour and dyeing it any colour. There is also nothing wrong with using something to make curly hair straight. This ruling applies to young and old alike, so long as no damage results from doing this.

However, in the Islamic Religion, dyeing the hair pure black is not allowed for men or women, because moslems believe that the prophet Mohammed said: "Change this grey hair, but avoid black." (Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa'imah, 5/168).

What do spots represent on the liver?

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Having a "spot on the liver" is not a specific diagnoses - it means that there is a patch of liver tissue that is unusual in appearance, however the cause is unspecified. If the spot on your liver is giving your doctor cause for concern, it will probably be biopsied to identify exactly what it is.

Is there potassium in bananas?

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There is about 450mg of potassium in one banana.

Does God heal physical diseases?

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God doesn't heal people, doctors do. If you have a disease or sickness, go to a doctor. Faith healing will not get you anywhere, maybe death, but that's it.