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Chemistry
This category encompasses all questions about the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
Total questions 423300
What are the ingredients in rubbing alcohol?
The ingredients will be listed on the bottle. There are two standard kinds of rubbing alcohol: (1) one made with isopropryl...
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Which is heavier an equal volume of water or gasoline?
At a temperature of 20 degrees C or 68 degrees Fahrenheit, a (U.S.) gallon of pure water weighs about 8.34 pounds, whereas a...
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How much does one gallon of salt water weigh?
See the web links below this answer for an automatic calculator that will give you the density of water at whatever temperature...
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How long does chlorine remain in water?
The amount of time that chlorine stays in your water varies from pool to pool. It depends on the size of the pool, type of...
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Can you use copper sulfate for algae in your pool?
I try to steer my customers away from algecides that use copper, since copper tends to have bad effects in pool water, i.e....
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If using muriatic acid do the fumes rise or stay near the ground without air movement?
While the fumes of muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid - HCl) are slightly heavier than air, the oxidation reaction is highly...
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Where can one get ammonium nitrate?
You can buy Ammonium Nitrate at your local grocery store. It is in a product called Ace, and it is an insta-cold pack. You can...
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What is the effect of sodium hydroxide on the action of pepsinogen?
I am not sure what pepsinogen is and I can't find it in any of my Biology books but pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that...
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Is UV radiation filtered out by the ozone layer?
Short answer: Yes, the gases in the ozone layer (and elsewhere in the atmosphere, to a smaller extent) filter out UV-B and more...
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What good things does ozone do?
The ozone in the earth's upper atmosphere uniquely absorbs UV-B from our Sun, which would otherwise directly damage the DNA of...
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What is the importance and impact of chemistry on people society and technology?
See the Web Links and Related Questions for some useful information about the field of chemistry and its impact on modern daily...
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What is the process for making rubber?
You may be referring to vulcanization, the process that takes the native rubber of the rubber-tree plant and removes sulfur while...
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What is zero degrees Kelvin?
First, note that Kelvin in never expressed in degrees, just Temperature Kelvin (e.g., 50 K/ 50 Kelvin). Kelvin is a temperature...
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How do you make a wick for fireworks?
All you need to do for a simple wick is get some salt peter (potasum nitrate KNo3) dissolve in hot water and sock some string in...
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How does the elevation and air pressure affect the boiling point of water?
The only factor that determines the boiling point of water at any altitude is the barometric pressure (the altitude itself...
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What is the 'Law of Conservation of Mass or Matter'?
In the law of conservation of mass (or matter), the mass in a system that is closed will be constant. This holds despite what...
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Why is snow white and water transparent but sometimes ice can be both?
Because snow always scatters light, water never does and inclusions in solid ice can do sometimes. Or Many gases including...
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What did Gregor Mendel do?
Gregor Mendel lived from 1822-1884 and he died of chronic nephritis. He found out how genetics work by planting various pea...
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How do you determine if a bond is non-polar covalent or polar covalent or ionic?
Given below is the difference in electronegativity of any two elements: 0.0-0.4 = nonpolar covalent bond 0.4-1.7 = polar...
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Why are all your fish swimming at the top of the tank if the ammonia and nitrate levels are ok?
For lack of oxygen in the water, you might want to consider activated carbon rock pouches in to your filtration system, or...
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What is the atomic number and what does it tell you about the number of protons in an atom?
The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of an atom. It is very important in knowing the number of electrons that...
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When you press down on the accelerator on a Proton Persona SLI why would the engine rev very high but have little power?
If it's still driving and the revs are increasing but the cars not going any faster I'd say 99% chance the clutch has worn...
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What is an electrolyte?
Electrolyte is defined as "the solution in which electricity is passed and radical moved towards their respective electrode"
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What is plastic made of?
Plastics are polymers, and are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Polymers are just very long chains of atoms...
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What affects the rate of a chemical reaction?
Some factors which can affect the rate of a chemical reaction is the temperature (reactions will be faster in a hotter...
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How do you draw Lewis dot structures?
To draw a Lewis dot structure for a molecule or ion, follow these steps: Step 1: Count up the number of valence electrons for...
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How do you neutralize the copper sulfate you put in your pool to get rid of it?
I don't have an answer on this one yet. You never should have used that product in your pool. That is for sewer lines. It may...
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Who are some famous non-American chemists and what are their contributions to the field of science?
The most infamous of all foreign chemists is Bruno Tesch, sole owner of the firm of Tesch und Stabenow. Unfortunately, what he's...
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Is pool water acidic or basic or neutral?
Ideally it should be neutral ot sightly basic: The proper pH for a pool is in the range of 7.2 to 7.6. Perfectly neutral...
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How do you determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar?
A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds. There are two factors...
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Which substance melts an ice cube the fastest?
Water...It has the highest substance heat capacity i.e. water requires the largest loss of heat per mole to change phase (to...
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What is 'Elsie'?
Elsie is the name of a town in Michigan and Nebaska, it is also a cow, and a Quebec Politician. Elsie is a German Female name....
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How do you solve Ideal Gas Law problems?
The Ideal Gas Law is used to relate the pressure, volume, temperature and amount of an "ideal" gas. Although many gases are not...
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What is the difference between a manipulated variable and a responding variable in a controlled experiment?
A variable is something which can change ie have different values. A manipulated variable is the variable which you deliberately...
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Why haven't chemists created a periodic table of compounds?
There are over 20 million known compounds. yeah, thats reason enough. There are over 100 billion possible compounds containing...
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What is free available chlorine residual vs a combined chlorine level?
Combined chlorine is when the chlorine molecule has attatched itself to other molecules in water. In other words it has...
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How do you write a net ionic equation?
A Net Ionic Equation is a chemical equation for a reaction which lists only those species participating in the reaction. To...
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What is the metric unit for liquid volume?
The basic metric liquid measurment is a Liter. A CC, or a cubic centimeter is 1/1000 liter. A milliliter is also called a cubic...
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What are practical uses of calcium?
One must be careful to distinguish between the pure metallic element called Calcium and the compound Calcium carbonate that has...
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What is the modern periodic law of the elements?
The modern periodic law states that, "the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic...
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How do you prepare the sodium perchlorate solution and how will it behave in hydrochloric acid medium?
I beg to differ that it does react in a HCl solution. But not the way the other guy said. NaClO4 + 8HCl = NaCl + 4Cl2 +...
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If you want put a turbo into your Proton M21 what do you have to do?
Go to http://www.rpw.com.au and they have turbo kits for the M21. The engine in your car is the same engine that comes with a...
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What is the chemical symbol for hydrogen?
Hydrogen has H for a chemical symbol. And the origin of its name is due to the fact that water is formed when it is burned. 2H2...
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What does it mean that acids donate hydrogen ions while bases accept them?
It means that when you add an acid to water, for instance hydrochloric acid, or HCl, it will break apart into two ions H+ and...
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How do you write a balanced chemical reaction?
Before writing a chemical reaction, you must know a few things. You must know what the reactants are, and what the molecular...
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Is baking soda the same as muriatic acid?
No baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, and is a base not an acid. Muriatic acid is also called hydrochloric acid. Baking soda...
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How many protons are there in the Universe?
Less than 335,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 for every kilogram. We don't know how much mass is in the universe "Less than...
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What chemical and molecular effect does sugar have on water?
Sugar when added to water makes water sweeter.It is harmful for diabetics and helpful to their heirs. Sugar crystals interact...
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What are the names and atomic numbers and atomic weights and symbols of all the elements?
See the Related Links to the left for the answer for other lists. Atomic Numbers of the Elements: (atomic number, symbol, name,...
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How do you calculate the molality of a solution?
To solve boiling point elevation problems, you need to know the following things: -- the identity of the solute (the thing you...
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How can the Bohr model of atomic structure be used to explain the reactivity of the alkali metals?
Lets say the first shell of the Bohr model is full and the second shell has only 7 out of 8 electrons. This means that the atom...
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What is ether?
Ether is an organic functional group consisting of a disubstituted oxygen, or an oxygen atom bonded to 2 carbon atoms (if...
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What is the octet rule in chemistry?
The octet rule is a simple chemical rule of thumb that states that atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight...
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How do you balance a reduction-oxidation or redox reaction?
NOTE: This is NOT the same as balancing a regular chemical reaction! Please see the related question to the left of this answer...
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How do you determine the shape of a molecule?
First, you must draw the Lewis dot structure of the molecule. If you don't know how, look at the Related Questions link to the...
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What is the atomic number of copper?
The atomic number of Copper (Cu) is 29. See the Web Links for more information about copper to the left of this answer.
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How can you tell if a reaction is combustable or not?
Combustion is an exothermic reaction, meaning that it releases heat. The byproducts of a combustion reaction are heat,...
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Which alkali metal has no known uses?
Because of its rarity and very short half-life, francium has no known uses (at least not industrially).
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What is the lowest and highest number of shared and unshared atoms in a unit cell of a FCC structure and a simple cubic structure?
Your question, if I understand it correctly, asks to explain the reasoning behind the coordination number, or number of adjacent...
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What is the difference between an acid and a base?
An acid has a pH (portential hydrogen) below 7 below while a base's pH is over 7 Acids have H+ ions and are sour yet good...
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How many fluid ounces equals one gallon?
128 U.S. ounces are in one U.S. gallon. 153.7 U.S. oz. in one U.K. gallon. OTOH; 160 oz.(U.K.) = one U.K. gallon 133.2 oz U.K...
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Why does fire need oxygen?
Fire is the result of an oxidation reaction which gives off heat and light. It requires a fuel to burn, an oxidant (usually...
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How do you find the pH of a strong acid solution?
NOTE: This is NOT the same as a WEAK acid solution. To find out how to find the pH of a weak acid, see the Related Questions to...
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What is the Bohr model of the atom?
The Bohr model of the atom is based on four fundamental postulates. Although he did not claim to explain or prove these...
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How much does a gallon of milk weigh?
4.5 lbs/gallon. That is just an average, because the weight of a gallon of milk that you buy at the grocery store would depend on...
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What is Boyle's law in regards to scuba diving?
Boyle's Law: (P1 X V1)/T1 = (P2 X V2)/T2 applies to scuba diving since there is a significant change in the pressure. As the...
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What is inside a fire extinguisher?
Fire extinguishers can contain either: Wet: water Dry Chemical: sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or potassium bicarbonate,...
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How does the polarity of water allow it to effectively dissolve ionic compounds?
To dissolve an ionic compound, the liquid must be able to effectively stabilize the ions that result from breaking the ionic...
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What is the Lewis dot structure of methane?
H | H----C----H | H The H's on the left bonded to the central H are supposed to be bonded to the C atom, it messed up when I...
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How do you find the pH of a strong base solution?
A strong base is defined as one that dissociates completely in water (see the Related Questions link to the left for a list of...
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How do you solve stoichiometry problems?
To solve stoichiometry problems, you must first do two very important things. 1) Write a balanced equation for the...
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What is the structural formula of periodic acid?
Periodic acid is HIO4 or H5IO6. The name is not derived from "period", but from "iodine": per-iodic acid (compare iodic acid,...
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How many valence electrons do each of the elements in the periodic table have?
This all depends on the element's atomic number (number of protons). Since atoms have the same number of protons as they do...
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How are hurricanes named?
The Atlantic is assigned six lists of names, with one list used each year. Every sixth year, the first list begins again. Each...
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What are two types of vaporization?
Vaporization refers to any process that converts a substance in the liquid state into its gas state. There are two types of...
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Why does ice float in water?
Water is a member of a very exclusive group of substances that are less dense as a solid than as a liquid. It is very important...
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What is the atomic number of lithium?
The atomic number of lithium (Li) is 3. The atomic weight of Li is 6.941 amu, and the molar mass 6.941 grams per mole. See the...
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Why does boron form a tripositive ion?
Boron has an electronic configuration of 1s22s22p1 (it has 5 electrons). In order to reach the stable electron configuration of a...
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What element is the ozone layer made out of?
The element is oxygen. The molecule or compound formed is O3, called ozone. The mixture this is commonly found in is air. The...
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What is the atomic number of aluminum?
The atomic number of aluminum (Al) is 13. The atomic weight of Al is 26.981539 amu, and the molar mass 26.981539 grams per mole....
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What is the atomic number of helium?
The atomic number of helium (He) is 2. The atomic weight of He is 4.002602 grams per mole. See the Web Links below for a...
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Why are elements arranged as they are in the periodic table?
Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number (which is just the number of protons found in...
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What chemicals do you use for the preparation of optical brighteners?
NONE any commercially used optical brightener needs to be added to raw untreated material. I'm not sure the first answer...
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Is a quart larger than equal to or less than a liter?
It is smaller than a liter.
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What is glass made of?
Common raw materials used for making glass consist of the following: Sand: finely divided rock and mineral particles, typically...
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Do all explosions produce carbon dioxide?
An explosion is nothing more than the rapid release of energy. This is most commonly due to the rapid combustion of a material,...
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How much corn is required to produce a gallon of ethanol?
Currently a bushel of corn produces about 2.8 gallons of ethanol. With better varieties that figure will increase to 3 gallons....
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Why is water a special substance in the metric system?
Water is originally used in the metric system to define what a kilogram is. When the metric system was originally developed,...
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What is the atomic number of oxygen?
The atomic number of oxygen (O) is 8 - this means that it's ionic charge is 2-. The atomic weight of O is 15.9994 grams per...
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Which is hotter Blue flame or red flame?
Assuming we're not throwing ions into the flame and the color is due strictly to temperature, the blue flame is hotter. The...
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How do you calculate the molecular weight of a compound?
To find the molecular weight (also called the molecular mass or molar mass) of a compound or chemical, you need two things: the...
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What is the temperature difference between a yellow flame and a blue flame?
the blue flame is hoter than the yellow flame. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame hope this gives u the right picture
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Is the pressure in the atmosphere constant?
No. In fact, variation in atmospheric pressure is one of the most useful forecasting tools there is. A low pressure center...
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What is the freezing temperature of alcohol?
== Pure ethanol freezes at -114 °C (-173.2 degree Fahrenheit)= Alcoholic beverages will freeze somewhere between -114 °C and 0...
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What are some examples of chemical and physical changes?
An example of a chemical change would be boiling an egg, once it's done it cannot be reversed. An example of a physical change...
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Can density be used to identify a substance?
Yes, it is possible. To identify an object using its density you need only a few things: an accurate scale to find the mass of...
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What is the meaning of the word 'surfactant'?
According to Wikipedia: "Surfactants, also known as wetting agents, lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier...
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What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is the sharing of electron pairs or electorns between two or more elements of near or same electronegativity....
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What is a Bunsen burner and how is it used?
A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment. It is commonly used for heating chemical substances, sterilization,...
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What is a healthy phosphate level for your body?
Normal phosphorus level is 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dl Ther is also an acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.
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