First north west to The Dardanelles strait, cross over the temporary bridge to Europe, then west through Thrace, Macedonia, and fially south through Thessally, at the southern end of which lay the pass of Thermopylai leading to southern Greece.

Yes, Greek soldiers, particularly those in the city-state of Athens, were paid for their military service. The soldiers received wages and could also be rewarded with spoils of war or bonuses for exceptional valor in battle.

Hadrian, the Roman Emperor, died in 138 AD. The exact cause of his death is not entirely clear, but it is believed to have been due to a combination of natural causes such as heart failure or edema. Some historical accounts suggest he may have also had severe health issues towards the end of his life.

The Greek city-state of Athens emerged as the victor in the naval Battle of Salamis during the Greco-Persian Wars. Led by Themistocles, the Athenian fleet defeated the Persian navy, which was under the command of King Xerxes I. The victory at Salamis was a significant turning point in the war and helped secure Greek independence from the Persian Empire.

The Trojon horse was built supposedly as a gift to the city they were at war with, to make peace-yea right, there was the hole army hiding inside and when the city was asleep the army came out and burnt the city down, no need to battle because all their army, soldier, and warriers were asleep.

Sparta and Athens were natural allies who provided support to each other - Sparta leading the Dorian bloc of independent city-states, Athens the Ionian bloc, with both interested in maintaining peace.

So when a Persian expedition was sent to subdue Athens in 490 BCE after its interference in the Ionian Revolt against Persia, Athens naturally asked Sparta for support (however Athens had defeated the Persians at Marathon by the time the Spartans arrived). When Persia sent a full scale invasion in 480 BCE, the southern Greek city-states united to repel it under the leadership of Sparta with Athens providing the largest naval component.

They remained friends and allies until 460 BCE, when Athens sent an army to help the Spartans put down a revolt of its serf population. During this campaign they fell out and avoided each other. After the Persians agreed to peace the Athenians turned the Delian League into an empire of its own, became over-adventurous and clashed openly with the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, resulting in the 27-year Peloponnesian War which Athens lost.

As the Persian empire expanded, it incorporated hundreds of Greek city-states dotted around the Black and eastern Mediterranean seas. These cities were originally coonies of cities in mainland Greece, and called on them for assistance, resulting in intervention.

Persia decided to incorporate the cities of mainland Greece into its empire to establish an ethnic frontier and avoid these troubles. Some cities were brought in by establishing puppet regimes, others resisted and Persia invaded in 480 BCE to take in the cities of central and southern Greece by force.

They eventually lost, withdrew and were involved in intermittent war until a treaty compromise in 449 BCE.

Yes, he expanded Macedonia, brought the Greek city-states under his control, and prepared to take over the Persian Empire, but assassination ended this.

As part of a Greek blocking force, they helped hold the pass for three days to make the Persians try to break through by turning the bottleneck by sea. The Greek navies were waiting offshore to pounce on the Persian navy to try to eliminate it and its threat to the Greek cities. As it turned out, the Greek navies were defeated and withdrew to try again at Salamis. The land blocking force at Thermopylae, its mission now invalidated, withdrew. The Spartan contingent of 300 heavy infantry and 2,100 light infantry, together with the Thespian contingent, remained holding the pass to allow the other city contingents to escape to the walls of friendly cities before the Persian cavalry broke through and rode them down in open countryside. They were killed to a man, a noble sacrifice to save their comrades.

It is called a stalemate, draw, or tie in a game.

In a war, they usually declare a winner anyway, but they call it a hollow or Pyrrhic victory, meaning that the "victory" was so devastating that it might as well be a loss.

Athens was overconfident when it entered the war, imagining the combination of the money it collected from its empire, the strength of its walls, and the dominance of its navy would see it through. The Persians swung the balance, donating money to the Peloponnesian League to buy and man a fleet to match the Athenian one. With it's fleet defeated, its sea food route closed, and city besieged, Athens was starved out.

A battle fleet is an operational naval task force designed to operate as a coordinated unit, which is subdivided into battle groups.

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The Battle of Marathon was a turning point during the first Persian invasion of Greece. The Persians vastly outnumbered the Greeks on the battlefield, but the Greeks were able to defeat them. The Greeks charged the Persian troops with a thin weaker line, while the Greeks' left and right flanks consisted of stronger troops who quickly surrounded the Persian troops and attacked them on both sides. It was a crushing defeat for the Persians, and the battle convinced the Greeks that while the Persian Empire had vast armies and archers, it was possible to defeat them.

The resources and time (15,000 versus 1000, from 72-73 CE) that Rome committed to capture an insignificant fortress like Masada, and the intensity of its defence, when an accommodation could have been negotiated is remarkable. The underlying reason is a matter for speculation, with the modern discovery of a male and his family in a cave under the rim of the fortress. It appears that a very important man was holed up and the stubborn defence could have been to protect him. An obvious answer would be that this was the would-be king who sparked the revolt put down in 70 CE.

This could have been Jesus the Nazarene whose revolution in 33 CE was put down and he was crucified as a revolutionary - his body (allegedly dead after a mere few hours on the cross - it normally took several days to die) had been released in a deal with Roman governor Pontius Pilate which also involved a prisoner-exchange with Jesus' son Jesus bar Rabbas (Barabbas - son of the Rabbi). It may have been the latter who was prominent in the revolt in 66-70 CE and whose body was found in the cave at Masada. Or it may have been some other pretender. Speculative, but it fits the intensity of the Roman determination and resources to eliminate the source of trouble.

They were having a religious festival at the time and told the Athenians they would be along as soon as it was over. The Athenians lurked in the hills around the plain of Marathon to avoid the superior Persian cavalry while they waited for the Spartan army. However on the tenth day they saw the Persian cavalry being embarked on ships, took the opportunity to run down and defeat the inferior Persian unarmoured infantry without its usual cavalry protection. Having done this, they thought about where the Persian cavalry was going and realised that it was heading for undefended Athens, with traitors ready to open the gates for them as they galloped up from the port.

he Athenian army ran back over the hill the 26 miles to Athens, arriving just as the Persian cavalry was disembarking, and formed up in front of the city walls. Frustrated, the Persians re-embarked and went home. This run by the 9,000 Athenian infantry and their 9,000 light infantry is the origin of today's Marathon run. The Athenians had it much tougher than today's pampered athletes - they ran in sandals and armour carrying their shields and weapons.

The Spartan army left as soon as the festival was over, but arrived a day too late for the battle, marching on to view the battlefield, congratulated the Athenians, and went home.

Britain had to finance its army defending the American colonies to hold off the invading French and their Indian allies. They levied taxes to help pay for this, and many of the American colonists didn't want to pay and organised a revolt.

The Assyrian Empire stretched from Assyria west to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. This was taken over by the rise of the Babylonian Empire, which in turn was taken over by the Persians, who extended it into Libya and Egypt in the west and eastward to Central Asia and today's Pakistan.