The amount of compression of a compression wave is like the amplitude of a transverse wave.

Telecentric lenses accept ray cones where the "principal ray" is parallel to its mechanical axis because the entrance pupil is placed at infinity. For this reason an orthonormal view of the object (i.e. where no image of the object sides is present) is frequently possible.

Standard lenses generate images of different size if a same object changes its distance from the lens. On the other hand objects of different size can be viewed as if they had the same dimension, if they subtend the same viewing angle. In a telecentric system rays get into the optics only with an almost parallel-to-the-axis path. This effect is due to the specific path of the rays: in the case of common optics the geometric information "parallel" to the main optical axis shows a component on the detector plane direction, while in a telecentric lens this perpendicular component is not present at all.

You can think as if common lenses would build a correspondence between the 3-dimensional object space and the 2-dimensional detector (image) space: in the case of a telecentric lens the third dimension in object space is not displayed. Some interesting information can be found reading this tutorial online: http://www.opto-engineering.com/telecentric.php

The force that keeps protons and neutrons bound together within the atomic nucleus is called the "strong nuclear force" or "strong interaction." The strong nuclear force is one of the fundamental forces of nature and is responsible for holding the nucleus together despite the electric repulsion between positively charged protons.

The strong nuclear force is mediated by particles called "gluons." Gluons are the carriers of the strong force and interact with quarks, which are the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons.

The strong force is unique in that it becomes stronger as particles get closer together, thus overcoming the electromagnetic repulsion between protons.

The strong force is crucial for the stability of atomic nuclei and plays a significant role in nuclear physics. It is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus and is also involved in processes such as nuclear reactions and nuclear energy production.

Americium-243 might undergo alpha decay to become neptunium-239, and here is that equation:

95243Am => 93239Np + 24He++

The americium-243 has undergone transmutation to become neptunium-239, and the alpha particle, which is a helium-4 nucleus, can be seen on the tail end of the equation.

The emission of an alpha particle (which is a Helium nucleus) from a radioactive nuclide would decrease its atomic number (z) by two, and its mass number by 4. So for example, Plutonium-239 (z=94) would emit the alpha particle and jump back down the table to Uranium-235 (z=92). It is possible to go up the table (increase atomic number) through certain beta decays.

Boron-12 (12B) typically undergoes beta decay, where a neutron is converted into a proton, emitting an electron (beta particle) and an antineutrino. This transformation results in carbon-12 (12C). So, the nuclear radiation emitted in this process is a beta particle.

When U-238 decays to Th-234, an alpha particle is emitted. An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, and is essentially a helium nucleus.

Neutron-proton scattering refers to the interaction between a neutron and a proton. It involves the exchange of a virtual meson between the two particles, which allows them to interact through the strong nuclear force. Studying neutron-proton scattering can provide valuable information about the structure and interactions of the atomic nucleus.

After the second half-life of uranium, half of the original amount will remain. Therefore, if you start with 80 grams of uranium, after one half-life you would have 40 grams remaining, and after the second half-life, you would have 20 grams.

To find the half-life, we need to determine the time it takes for half of the sample to decay. In this case, the initial mass is 200.0g and the final mass is 12.5g. Starting with 200.0g, after one half-life it would be reduced to 100.0g. After two half-lives, it would be reduced to 50.0g. Since it took 48s to go from 200.0g to 12.5g, we can estimate that it would take approximately 96s (2 half-lives) for the sample to go from 200.0g to 50.0g. Therefore, the half-life is approximately 48s.

Alpha particles have very weak penetrating power. They are heavy and charged, so they interact strongly with matter, causing ionization and losing energy quickly. Therefore, alpha particles can generally only travel a few centimeters in air and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper or skin.

Gamma radiation, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation, does not change the type of atom because it does not involve the transfer or exchange of particles. Unlike alpha and beta radiation, which involve the emission of particles from the nucleus, gamma radiation consists of high-energy photons that are released from the atomic nucleus. Therefore, it does not alter the composition or identity of the atom.

electromagnetic fields. These fields are generated by powerful magnets which create a strong magnetic field. The particles are then guided in circular paths, and as they pass through the electromagnetic field pulses, they gain energy and accelerate. This process is repeated multiple times to achieve the desired energy for the particles.

The density of water increases with depth due to the increase in pressure. As water molecules are packed closer together under high pressure, the density of water increases. Therefore, in deep water where the pressure is higher, the density of water is also higher.

Yes, you can typically bring a geiger counter on a plane as part of your carry-on luggage. However, it's always a good idea to check with the specific airline and airport security guidelines to ensure they allow it and to understand any specific regulations or restrictions that may apply.

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, which is essentially the nucleus of a helium atom. It is relatively powerful due to its high kinetic energy and its large mass compared to other types of radiation. It can penetrate only a few centimeters in air and is stopped by a piece of paper or a few centimeters of human skin. However, it can cause significant damage if it enters the body through inhalation or ingestion.

It means that acceleration is constant.

This meaning that velocity is varying with respect to time, we see this by this formula (v - v(initial) ) / t (Time).

The force you apply to the mouse button to make it click is.

A reduction in the strength of a signal, the flow of current, flux, or other energy in an electronic system.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is widely used in modern medicine to image the body's internal structures in high contrast.

One new and still very experimental use is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: the stimulation of specific areas of the brain through electromagnetic induction. Repeated sessions have shown improvement in disorders such as depression and Parkinson's Disease. Altered states of consciousness, out of body states and religious experiences have been reported by human subjects.

gamma radiation is used in cancer treatment. the most common source of gamma radiation is.

If you put nuclear waste in a situation where groundwater can flow over it on the way to a water course, you will obviously get contamination. Nuclear waste stores have to be very carefully considered to find locations that are safe from water access.

We are not sure if the theorized Higgs boson is real or not. If it is, it would be provide some support to ideas about what mass (and, therefore, gravity, which is associated mass) really is. We're still looking for experimental support that the Higgs boson is real, and now that the Large Hadron Collider is up and running, all (interested) eyes are on CERN and awaiting results.

Nuclear energy as it is used to generate power can be dangerous. The nuclear reactors used to heat water to generate steam to spin turbines to generate electricity must be operated by individuals who know what they are doing. If something goes wrong, the duty crew must make all the right decisions and make them first time, every time. Failure to do so can cause structural elements of the core to fail and release both nuclear fuel and waste into the coolant passages in the core. (The fuel rods are designed to hold everything inside throughout the life of the fuel bundle.) This is what happened at Three Mile Island. Both mechanical failure and the failure of the duty crew to react correctly caused a meltdown. Spent fuel presents its own special problems. Fuel bundles must be recovered from the reactor and taken away and stored for an extremely long period of time before radiation levels are low enough to try to do anything with them. Fission byproducts are highly radioactive, and remain so for tens of thousands of years. Links are provided for further reading.