The Navajo use the same terms to mean both the Sioux and the Comanche:
naałani or anaałani
naa means enemies, łani means "many"
To say a phrase that works like Hello" you say: yáʼátʼééh
You can say "how are you?" but in Navajo is means you are checking that they are better if you know they have not been well. It is not a conversation starter.
With very traditional people, if they have not been sick, it might have the implication that you are checking to see if they are getting sick as you had hoped (or did something to bring about)
One way to say "How are you doing?" is: Hait'áo naniná?
A better, less abrupt way to start a conversation is to start with Áá'. It means "open up" but also means "tell me about it"
Áá' ha'íí baa naniná?--- What are you doing?
Áá' ha'íí baa nídinídzá? ----What will you be doing?
Áá' ha'íí baa dahane'? ----What's the news?
Áá' ha'íí? ----What's up?
The marks over vowels are high tone marks. Navajo is tonal and it changes meaning. They are not stress or accent marks.
The mark ' between vowels is a glottal stop like in uh'oh.
The t' is a glottalized consonant. It is different than T.
One i is like in "bit'
Two "ii" is like ee in "bee".
Two of other vowels makes them held longer.
The majority of Navajo land is located in the northeastern part of Arizona, northwestern part of New Mexico, and southeastern part of Utah in the United States. This area is known as the Navajo Nation, which is the largest Native American reservation in the country.
yeah the A's did have a holiday but i don't know the name of the holiday.:) :)
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and it's aftermath of the Reconquest in 1692. Then the destruction and killings of the Hopi converts and missionaries in 1700 at Awatovi.
In this time period, some Hopi joined the Navajo with living to the east of them in the Beautiful Valley and Chinle area. It is thought that the Táchii'nii clan has it's roots in this time. Tobacco, Tansy, Masked dancer, Rabbit, Bluebird, Deer divisions of Táchii'nii have exact correspondence with Hopi clans. Also Clans with livestock derived names - like Tł'ízí Łání (Many Goats) , Tł'ízí łichi'í (Red Goats) , and Dibé Łizhiní (Black Sheep) are thought to have Pueblo roots. Further, there are Hopi clans for bear, corn reed, squash, sun and turkey that share names with Navajo Clans. Because it is forbidden to marry into any of ones related clans many clan origins come from non Navajo roots. The Navajo although they have remained Athabaskan at base are thought to have mulitethnic roots.
Shímásání ( my maternal grandmother )
Shinálí ( my paternal grandmother)
Kit Carson and the USArmy defeated most of the Navajo people in 1864 and forced them to march about 450 miles in the Long Walk to Fort Sumner in NM territory ( also known as Bosque Redondo) in 1864. Brigadier General James H. Carleton ordered Carson to kill all the men of the tribe. He refused and tried to resign in February 3, 1863. His resignation was rejected. Under Carleton's direction, Carson instituted a scorched earth policy from Sept 1863 to Jan 1864. Carson got the Ute tribe, longstanding Navajo enemies to assist in burning crops, fruit trees, and homes and killing all livestock. About 10% died on the forced march to Ft Sumner and the bad conditions in the internments camps in the next four years.
Some, were never defeated and hid out especially on the northern flanks of Navajo Mountain with Hoskinini. Other's surrendered to protect their people. For example Ganado Mucho, in Navajo known as Totsohnii Hastiin ( man of big water clan), turned himself and his people in when he heard people were starving. He brought his huge herds to Ft Sumner with him.
In 1868 they were allowed to return to their ancestral homeland.
Sinew backed wooden recurved bows and arrows. Spears and lances, knives with blades first made of stone and later, metal. Guns were traded for from the 1700s onwards.
Emancipation – A child is emancipated when self-supporting, independent, and free of parent control. T’aabiak’inaaldzil doctrine. Burbank v. Clarke, No SC-CV-36-97, slip op. at 4 (Nav. Sup. Ct. 199).
Twenty nine Navajo men created a code to help the American war effort in world war two. The code was never broken by the Japanese. The Navajo women worked in factories, planted victory gardens, and took over the mens general duties while the men were at war. The women volunteered for red cross. They gave away practically all the natural resources they had to help the war effort, they were given nothing in return. Not all Navajo soldiers were code talkers some were general soldiers.
The code was top secret until 1968. The former code talkers were not allowed to tell anyone what they did. Most returned to the Navajo Nation and many became prominent tribal members. They were treated the same as all other Native Vets. Many were active in working towards getting the right to vote in Arizona. In 1982 the code talkers were honored and later they all got Congressional gold medals in 2001.
One place on the Navajo Nation to see information about the code talkers is at the Burger King in Kayenta, Arizona. The owner's father, King Mike, was a code talker and he has a small museum there. It has probably the best collection in the country. He did know what his father did until he found a postcard photo of Okinawa.
The people of Eastern Woodlands would hunt to get food. Fishing is another thing. But mostly it was farming and hunting.
For the Navajo their are two main types of religious practitioners. There is no heriarchy or religious establishment of overall leader. Some were seen as good at one ritual other at different ones.
Hataałii -- This translates as singer or chanter. They are sometimes called medicine men
They are similar to priests in many ways. They perform healing and blessing ceremonies often with the aid of assistants and apprentices that many last for four or more days. The rituals must be perform exactly and include prayers, songs, chants, herbs, dance, sandpainting and stories and more all done in the precise prescribed manner. There are about 60 chantway ceremonies and it takes many years to learn one by heart.
The other type is a diagnostician
They use an altered state of consciousness to determine what problem the patient has and thus what chantway ritual they need to become healed and back in balance. Many are women There are three main types but the last is very rare now.
ndilniihii -- a hand trembler
This one it the most common. She blesses her arm with corn pollen and then goes itno a state were she sees images
déest'įÌįÌ' 'ÃÃÅ‚'ÃnÃ----a star or crystal gazers
After the appropriate blessing, often using powder made from lenses of certian birds, they look at the star or moon directly or through a crystal and get images.
Ãists'Ä…ÌÄ…Ì' --- listening
Similar to gazing but with hearing. Used powder of badger eardrums. Went outside and listened for natural signs.
For the last 100 years or so the Native American Church (peyote ritual) has also been popular among a large group of Navajo. These ceremonies are led by a Road Chief and take place in a tipi ( from the Plains not a traditional Navajo hogan)
The word Navajo does not come from Spanish. The Spanish learned it in the middle 1500s when they were asking Pueblo Tewa speakers names of the the different Apache related groups. They were told the Dine' were the "Apache of the wide or river bottom fields". "Navahu'u" is Tewa for "farm fields in a valley". Navajo is how the Spanish then spelled it.
The Navajo language is related to other Apache languages about the same as Italian is to Spanish or Portuguese. The word Apache is thought to come from the Zuni language word for "enemy" or "stranger"
Some other Apache groups were the Jicarilla ("little basket") and Mescalero ( mescal was a food staple) Apache.
Well, they're alike because they both got in conflict with the Americans. The Cherokee had the Trail of Tears and the Navajo the Long Walk. They both grew crops. Both tribes also treasured horses and made pottery. They both have close to 300,000 members today.
They were different in many ways. The Navajo are from the high alitude desert Southwest, the Cherokee from the wooded Southeast. The Navajo returned to their native land, the Cherokee made a new life in Okalahoma ( except for some who remained in the east). The Navajo increased the size of their lands to 27,000 square miles. The Cherokee last much of their lands in the Dawes Act and the creation of the state of Oklahoma. Thee Cherokee were viewed as more civilized and had slaves and created a written language and most became very literate. The Navajo after 1540 became more and more of a sheep herding people. Their languages are completely different as is their religion and culture.
The Navajo grew corn, beans, squash, melons, peaches, onions, chillies and other crops. They raised sheep, goats and sometimes cattle.They gathered pinon pine nuts, pigweed and beeweed greens, yucca fruit, cactus fruit, wild potato, sumac berries, chokecherry, currants and many other berries and herbs. They hunted deer, antelope, elk, rabbit, prairie dog, and other animals. They have been growing and raising these crops since the late 1500s. Before that they grew mainly corn, squash and beans and hunted and gathered wild foods.
Today most people go to the supermarket but some people still grow crops and raise sheep and goats.
The word Navajo comes from a Spanish interpretation of a Tewa word meaning "farms in wide river bottom fields." They were called early on Apache de Navajo to distinguish them from other Apache groups such as Mescalero or Jicarilla.
Yes, The Navajo Nation today covers 27,000 square miles and crosses State boundaries so it is in Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. It is a portion of their traditional lands between the four sacred mountains.
I'm not sure about proper phonetic spelling, but ownaheelee pot achookma would be the best way I could describe how to pronounce it in Chahta.
It's a traditional Goan drink made from coconuts or cashew apples.
In May 1942, the first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp. Then, at Camp Middleton, Oceanside, California, this first group created the Navajo code. They developed a dictionary and numerous words for military terms. The dictionary and all code words had to be memorized during training.
hatsilí-- ones younger brother, shitsilí--my younger brother, nitsilí-- your younger brother, nihitsilí --our younger brother, atsilí--- someone's younger brother, bitsilí--his/her/it's younger brother
hatsilíké-- plural-ones younger brothers
halah, shilah, nilah ...etc---sibling of the opposite sex, for a female speaker- a brother
hak'is, ak'is, shik'is, nik'is...etc--sibing of the same sex, for a male speaker- a brother
"Brother" is one of a type of words in Navajo that must always be in the possessive.
The marks above vowels are high tone indicators.
The k' is a glottalized k sound, different than a regular K.