Elements and Compounds

The compound made from iron, sulfur, and oxygen is iron(II) sulfate, also known as ferrous sulfate. This compound has the chemical formula FeSO4. Iron(II) sulfate is commonly used as a supplement to treat iron deficiency anemia and can also be used in various industrial applications.

'NaCl' is the symbol formula.

It is synthesised by ignited sodium metal in chlorine gas.

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) = 2NaCl(s)

NaCl ( Sodium chloride) is common table salt.

The symbol equation for the formation of calcium oxide is: Ca + O2 -> CaO.

Calcium oxide + Stearic Acid = Calcium Stearate + Water

CaO + 2C18H36OOH = (C18H36OO)2Ca + H2O

NB CAlcium stearate is the 'scum' that can appear on the side of a bath, when washing in 'hard' water.

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 + H2O

The products are Water and Calcium Sulphite ; Note the spelling of the sulphur anion; NOT sulphate.

Chlorine has seven valence electrons.

The electronic configuration is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5.

These seven valance electrons do NOT readily react, because they are 'tightly' held to the nucleus. However, chlorine has strong electron affinity; Electronegativity; this means it will attract one electron into its valance shell , to complete the octet of eight electrons in the valance shell.

When this 'extra' electron combines into to valance shell , the electron configuration is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6. , and the chlorine atom is now a 'CHLORIDE ANION' of charge '-1' , (symbolised by Cl^(-)).

'17'

Chlorine Atomic No, is 17.

This means it is in position No. 17 in Periodic Table.

It has 17 protons

It has 17 electrons.

NB Do NOT confuse with Atomic Mass of Chlorine.

Chlorine has two common isotopes.

One isotope has an atomic mass of 35 . That is 17 protons and 18 neutrons).

The other isotope has an atomic mass of 37. That is 17 protons and 20 neutrons).

For both isotopes the number of protons and electrons remains the same. An isotope is a different number of neutrons.

The compound formed from fluorine and lithium is lithium fluoride. The chemical formula for lithium fluoride is LiF.

Li2O

The reaction eq'n is

4Li(s) + O2(g) = 2Li2O(s)

Formula ; MgO

Compound name ; Magnesium oxide.

There are two compounds , that are sulphates of iron. It depends on the oxidation state of the iron cation.

Oxid'n state '2' ; Ferrous sulphate ;Iron(II) sulphate ; (FeSO4) (Pale green colour)

Oxid'n state '3' ; Ferric sulphate ;Iron(III) sulphate ; (Fe2(SO4)3) (Brown colour).

Ferrous bromide is FeBr3

Do NOT confuse with

Ferric bromide which is FeBr3

AuBr3

'Au' is from 'Aurum' the Latin for Gold.

The formula for tin(II) bromide is SnBr2. It consists of one tin atom and two bromine atoms.

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Yes, when carbon and sulfur powder are mixed, they are still elements because the individual atoms of carbon and sulfur retain their chemical identities. Mixing them physically does not change their fundamental chemical nature as elements.

Oxygen is delivered to the brain through the bloodstream. The lungs oxygenate blood, which is then pumped by the heart through arteries. The carotid and vertebral arteries transport oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Brain cells rely on this continuous oxygen supply for energy production and proper neurological function.

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H2O ; Water.

Different forms ;-

Ice = solid water

Water = liquid water ( the usual stuff)

Water vapour = gaseous water. (Not steam)

Steam is tiny particles of liquid water held in the air by air currents.

The formula C5H12 corresponds to pentane, which has three structural isomers: n-pentane, isopentane (methylbutane), and neopentane (dimethylpropane). Each of these structures has a unique arrangement of carbon atoms, resulting in different chemical properties. Therefore, there are three distinct structural isomers for C5H12.

Hemolysis typically occurs in red blood cells when they are exposed to a NaCl concentration below approximately 0.45% (or 0.15 M). At this concentration, the osmotic pressure causes water to enter the cells, leading to swelling and eventual rupture. Conversely, NaCl concentrations above this level are generally isotonic or hypertonic, preventing hemolysis.

To determine the volume of 0.380 M NaI needed to oxidize 45.0 mL of 0.500 M KMnO4 in acidic solution, we first calculate the moles of KMnO4:

[ \text{Moles of KMnO4} = 0.500 , \text{M} \times 0.045 , \text{L} = 0.0225 , \text{moles} ]

In acidic conditions, the balanced reaction shows that 1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 moles of I⁻ (from NaI). Therefore, the moles of NaI required are:

[ \text{Moles of NaI} = 5 \times 0.0225 = 0.1125 , \text{moles} ]

Now, using the concentration of NaI, we can find the volume needed:

[ \text{Volume of NaI} = \frac{0.1125 , \text{moles}}{0.380 , \text{M}} \approx 0.296 , \text{L} \text{ or } 296 , \text{mL} ]

Thus, approximately 296 mL of 0.380 M NaI is required.

Using the Avogadro Number.

1 mole = 6.022 x 10^(23) atoms/molecules.

Since Carbon Dioxide is a compound molecule (CO2)

Then 3 moles = 3 x 6.022 x 10^(23) molecules.

1.8066 x 10^(24) moleccules.

The unknown oxidation state of an element in a compound can be determined by using a set of rules based on the known oxidation states of other elements in the compound. First, assign oxidation states to all known elements according to standard rules, such as those for group elements and common ions. Then, apply the principle that the sum of oxidation states in a neutral compound must equal zero or match the charge of a polyatomic ion. By solving the resulting equation, the unknown oxidation state can be deduced.

Noble gases can be detected using techniques such as gas chromatography, which separates the gases based on their physical properties, or mass spectrometry, which identifies them by measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. Additionally, specialized detectors that utilize ionization methods can measure the presence of noble gases in a sample. Since noble gases emit characteristic wavelengths of light when excited, optical emission spectroscopy can also be employed to identify them based on their unique spectral lines.

Yes , they are ! Titanium is one of the most popular material used for eyeglass frame . They are especial for lightweight collection .

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