Heating isn't really a problem, as there's enough heat from just about every operational system aboard that's turned on. The engineering spaces alone can reach above 120° F if the ventilation and AC is off.
Every major system, from the engineering systems, all electronic systems, even the galley ovens and stoves generate heat. The real problem is keeping everything cool, and for that reason the boats are cooled by huge AC systems and fans that run throughout the ship.
During a casualty drill, the fans are turned off (e.g., to deny the spread of smoke or contaminants from a fire), and you find out very quickly just how much heat is being produced by all the onboard systems.
The only real spot in the ocean where it gets a bit chilly is in the Arctic, where the water temperature is a constant 28° F. But there's always a nice comfy fan blowing heat from some equipment to warm you up.
USA has the most nuclear submarines
Argentina had diesel-electric submarines while the British had nuclear-powered submarines.
A number of nuclear submarines sank, and the circumstances vary from accident to accident. Wikipedia has a list, and by going there and entering "List of sunken nuclear submarines" you can review that list.
Nuclear submarines are powered by a nuclear reactor and they are completely independent of air, so there is no need to surface frequently.
The US, Russia, Great Britain, France, China and (recently) India have nuclear submarines.
Yes, nuclear submarines generate nuclear power. There is a nuclear reactor on board (hence the tern nuclear submarine) which creates steam to drive the main engines to turn the screw(s).
Nuclear Energy
The PLA navy has more than 225,000 personnel and is thought to have as many as 70 submarines, 10 of them nuclear-powered
Plutonium can be used in nuclear reactors for nuclear propulsion of ships and submarines.
No - all submarines, be it nuclear or diesel-electric, use diesel fuel, either for primary engines (DE) or backup generator (nuclear).
Since its free-fall nuclear weapons arsenal was decomissioned in 1998, the United Kingdom's only means of nuclear weapons delivery is via submarines and SLBMs.
230