How bad is marijuana for you?

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Health Effects of Marijuana

Is it really that bad for you? Here is a variety of input and opinions from contributors:

The definitive study of the long-term health effects of marijuana to date was done by Kaiser Permanente. They surveyed the health records of 65,000 patients over a long period of time. They found no significant differences in the health records of pot smokers versus people who did not smoke pot. See http://www.druglibrary.org/crl/aging/sidney-01.html
CONCLUSIONS: Marijuana use in a prepaid health care-based study cohort had little effect on non-AIDS mortality in men and on total mortality in women

This is consistent with the results of the health studies of every major government commission report on the drug laws from around the world since 1894. These reports can be found at http://druglibrary.org/schaffer under Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy.

• Let's be real here and take a look at what Medical Cannabis patients are doing, especially in California where there seems to be more data (and less right wing diatribe) available to us on the benefits and dangers of cannabis usage. In other words, if you are authorized to use cannabis medically, use a vaporizer, cook with it, make oils or tinctures - never smoke cannabis, and don't use cigarettes. Be responsible and look and review thoughtfully all sides of the issue, including a recent 2004 study on the use and safety of vaporizers:http://www.canorml.org/healthfacts/vaporizerstudy2.html

• Certain studies (whatever that means) have shown that weed smoke does not cause lung caner nearly as fast as cigarettes because of some chemical that prevents something from doing something...i don't know. We can't rely on any studies now because there is so much propaganda floating around. but there's one big point that makes all cancer arguments null and void. There are 2 ways to use weed that eliminate the smoke part. you can cook weed in butter and ingest it for much stronger effects with none of the bad side effect of cancer. and you can also vaporize it which doesn't burn any plant matter and only turns the THC to vapor form which also prevents the breathing of smoke.

• Medicinal marijuana has been found to have certain benefits. It can alleviate vascular pressure associated with glaucoma and lessen the effects of stress. It has a peristalsis (sp?) effect on the digestive tract, meaning that it encourages movements of food through the digestive system. It is used in some spiritual and ritual practices because of the trance-like effects it can produce. There are probably other benefits not listed here. The issue is that medicinal, good quality, marijuana is very difficult to come by. Most street marijuana has been laced with other chemicals, like rat poison and other insecticides. These increase the feeling of intoxication. Obviously, if a chemical would kill another form of life, they would not be good for you. You need to suspect any street drug of containing harmful chemicals. Smoking, by itself, is a very efficient way to introduce any substance into your bloodstream. Smoking anything, whether it is crack cocaine, marijuana, cigarettes or oak leaves, kills the source of our life, oxygen. You'd have to add the perils of smoking on top of any inherent detriment the original substance contains to accurately determine the level of risk. Other factors to consider are the simple fact that marijuana is currently illegal. During prohibition, alcohol was consumed. But there was a lot more stress and risk involved in having a drink 80 years ago than having one today. If you smoke a joint and end up incarcerated, how good would that be for you? Sometimes, even if you might like to just fire one up, you gotta be practical.

• I truly don't believe marijuana is bad for you it's a tool if one knows how to use it then it can be very beneficial but if one doesn't it can ruin their life. I have had amazing experiences that have made me a more peaceful, loving, open-minded person who enjoys life. It is not worse then cigarettes. It is just useful if used in a good, relaxing, mind escaping, and mind expanding way.
  

• I really think that marijuana is NOT that bad for you in fact marijuana has never been proven to have killed someone just on it's own. Compare that to alcohol and it makes you wonder how one thing so dangerous can be legal and another that has proven to be a lot less dangerous to your life.

• Marijuana is better for you than lighting up a cigarette. Cigarettes have things like tar and other unnatural things that will turn your lungs black and give you cancer, while marijuana doesn't. The difference is a) marijuana affects you more, b) cigarettes are legal(go figure), and c) there are no deaths recorded that have come from Marijuana alone.

• Marijuana is a depressant, like alcohol, but with different effects. People high on weed do not have the motivation or desire to do anything illegal - quite the contrary all they want is peace and harmony. These people are NOT going to be found in prison as Marijuana DECREASES violent thoughts and activities. In fact, MJ should be PRESCRIBED for those who are in prison! Harmful effects are the same as smoking cigarettes.

• A lot of people think marijuana is better than cigarettes, but 1 joint has the same amount of harmful affects (tar buildup in lungs etc.) as 5 cigarettes. Weed has other bad affects like irritability, stress and whatnot that cigarettes don't always have. But weed is less harmful than other drugs that you can overdose and die from.

• Marijuana may lead to other harder drugs.

• I'm a 16 year old male and I am constantly surrounded by drugs... Iv been smoking pot the last 4 years on a daily basis ... I know people might think I'm an idiot and such.. But honestly I think Iv been poisoned because no matter what I can never seem to have the courage to quit pot.. I think the pot I smoke is laced with crack or a chemical.. I always get the worst chemical taste in my mouth .. I wish I would have never tried pot... Pot has left me with psychological damage... Take my advice if your reading this... don't smoke pot .

• Well, lets see. I'm a 15 year old kid that used to smoke weed with my friends a lot. But I have been off it for the last 3-4 months. Reasoning is YES it is bad for you, any smoke you inhale whether its from your backyard barbecue or a gram of weed, will harm your body.
  

• OK well let me comment on your last statement, weed is found underground so obviously God made it, well you don't see people smoking poison ivy or bamboo trees do you? Just because God made it, doesn't mean its meant for what you think it should be used for. Now back to what I was saying.. you could get high from weed, its plain and simple, its altering your brain cells in some way, and NO that is not a positive thing. A daily pot smoker would logically be the same as a daily white out and toxic sharpies inhaler. When I was under the influence, I noticed I picked up short term memory. Let's see, did it just magically appear there, or was it the ganja I smoked every week? Please don't be dumb and make it a habit, I swear it will ruin your life: socially, financially, and mentally. If you're going to do it, then don't do it too much. I admit I wanted weed legalized for a while, but after tons of research, I realized how much harm it could cause to society.

• It's possible to overdose on anything, even water, but a person is physically unable to kill themselves by smoking or using marijuana by itself. You cannot get THC (active ingredient in marijuana) into your blood stream fast enough to overdose and further more you would pass out from lack of oxygen long before you'd OD from smoking. If you look at marijuana compared to alcohol or tobacco, it isn't even close which is more harmful. Alcohol and tobacco killed over 5.5 MILLION people last year.

• I agree that many people can do weed and have virtually no health effects whatsoever (other than the high) whereas others are effected to a point where they cannot see straight and cannot operate their motor functions. Like alcohol, there is a specific consumption limit of each individual person. Depending on the amount, the way marijuana is taken, and the size/weight of the person, marijuana can effect individuals in different ways. It can be very dangerous for the baby when pregnant women smoke.

• I tincture herbs, and I feel that the most damaging facet of Marijuana is the inhalation when you smoke it. Tobacco (Not cigarettes, pure tobacco) even has healing properties. I do believe marijuana, & tobacco (as well as all things that grow free) have a practical purpose in our world.

• Most of the things you hear about it are myths. One piece of evidence that anti-drug agencies use in defense of it being illegal is that it contains over 1000 chemicals, some of which are cancer causing agents. But the fact is, most things do. Coffee for example, contains 800 chemicals. 16 of these were tested on lab animals and ended up giving them cancer, but coffee is considered relatively safe, even healthy in some regards. Marijuana, like everything else, has its positives and negatives.

• I have smoked since I was 13. I don't think it makes you stupid, but I failed 7th and 9th grade because I was too busy thinking about the next party. I went to my first rehab when I was 15 because I failed a drug test. When I was 20 I lost custody of my daughter and made my 2nd trip to rehab because of a failed drug test in a custody battle with my ex. When I was 22 I got busted with 2 joints and made my 3rd trip to rehab, spent 2 weeks in jail, lost my license, and paid the state of Alabama . Now I ask you does that sound smart to you? I have since quit smoking and got my daughter back but I was just lucky not everyone gets theirs back. No pot probably won't kill you by itself and no it probably won't make you stupid, but what happens when you get caught can make you wish you were dead.
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• I am a 17 year old healthy male. I smoke marijuana every single day. I have been doing so since i was 13. Although smoking marijuana can cause harm to our lungs as cigarettes can. It has a lot of positive effects in our world Such as, Treating as a source of pain relief for cancer patients and reducing the expectancy of getting Alzheimer's disease. As for it making you depressed. You are who you are, i am a happy person, i smoke 3-4 joints a day and i hardly feel depressed. It actually acts as a stress relaxer for myself, I get home from a long day i sit back smoke a joint watch a movie. I have never smoked marijuana that was laced with *crack or *chemicals of any kind, because if your going to do something, you might as well know where its coming from and whats in it. If your going to smoke marijuana, you need to do it responsibly, know where your getting it from, if you can trust the person. Don't walk out on a corner of a street trying to score, that's when you get whack jobs who will poison you for profit. instead make friends with someone who you know so you will always be safe. Its no different then being a responsible drinker.
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• If you have read this far, you will already know the pros and cons of smoking marijuana, such as dangers to health, the feeling you get etc. so instead of going over what we know scientifically i thought i would give you an example of a typical marijuana smoker - myself. I started smoking chronic when i was 13, at lunchtimes during school, and have been smoking at least once every three days on my pipe since then. i don't smoke tobacco; i believe its pointless and pretty dumb thing to do. I am now 16, sound of body and mind and when i do manage to get out of bed to go to school, i do well in my academic studies and am popular among my peers, i have a beautiful girlfriend and all in all i would say, with my hand on my heart: I am a happy individual.
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• Weed is not a depressant ( like alcohol ) , it is a mild hallucinogen. I've noticed that for a few days after I smoke weed, my immune system seems a little weaker. The smoke can also burn your throat and lungs if you don't smoke it properly.

Answer

i would just like to point out, that there are so many opinions about marijuana and other such things that are made out to seen "bad" by society. yes if marijuana is smoked it causes cancer, but then again, what in the world DOESNT cause cancer? it is obvious that marijuana is bad for you. smoke is bad in general, whether it be marijuana, cigarettes, BBQ, or chimney smoke. smoke is just bad. that doesn't necessarily make the OTHER effects of things bad. there are so many effects in so many things. not all of them can possibly be ALL good or ALL bad. what effects outweigh the others are all opinions. there are so many facts you can find that both support and demoralize everything, you cant possibly believe what you read anymore. everything contradicts everything else and you end up in circles. you can find the fact that marijuana is 25 times worse than a cigarette online. but then you can also find the fact that marijuana has fewer carcinogens than cigarettes. a study states that there has not been ONE case of lung cancer due to marijuana, another states that marijuana users are just as likely to get cancer, and another states it raises the chances of cancer even more. who do you believe? whichever side you pick, someone is going to say you are wrong. so what can you really rely on but yourself? decide for yourself, have a mind for your body. you will only stir up more confusion in yourself when you hand the decision over to the world because all it will offer you are two sides to the same thing. society has come to the conclusion that every move we make in our lives, it will result in damage to our body.

MARIJUANA GOOD/BAD?

Like anything else taken in moderation smoking the odd bit of Marijuana shouldn't hurt. There are some people that prefer it to alcohol and don't get a hang-over from it. It also is used for medical purposes such as nausea when taking Chemo or Radiation Therapy. It has even been administered to some people with some types of very painful arthritis.

However, there were the 60s, and I have a girlfriend that admits she is a "burn out" from Marijuana. Nope, she didn't do LSD, Acid, etc. She is slow in thinking, jittery and gets confused easily. I do believe if one smokes a lot of Marijuana it can indeed do damage to the brain.

When I joined the B.C. Lung Assoc. to quit smoking they said that 1 joint was as bad as smoking 25 cigarettes. I could believe that. The other problem with smoking Marijuana and it started in the late 60s is dealers will often mix other drugs in it (street drugs) to hook their customers onto something stronger. They said it on the media in a interview and I believe it. Unless one knows it's pure then it's best to stay away from it.

I also agree with the poster that said Marijuana and cigarettes that were pure at one time were harmless and I believe this too. Tobacco companies starting to add chemicals into their cigarettes aiming at the youth of that generation to hook them on cigarettes. It hasn't been the same since. Our governments know about it and as they howl how bad it is for you they do nothing about it because the revenue is just too darn good for them! In New Zealand their government thinks it's a health risk so they "didn't talk-the-talk, but walked-the-walk) and the government paid fully for all aids to help people quit smoking. The U.S. and Canada have yet to do this so how much do they really care about us! It is also true that many of our foods can do as much damage to us as anything cigarettes or Marijuana can do. The FDA doesn't always tell us the truth.

Isn't it odd that they can pit one person against the other at the use of Marijuana or someone smoking a regular cigarette, but do little about alcohol. I actually phoned the Lung Assoc. in British Columbia and I taped it! Illegal yes, but it was too interesting to pass up. I acted like I was a non smoker and asked them where they got their stats from and this is exactly the quote I got, "Oh, they are actually guesstimates!!!!!" I then phoned MADD (Mother's Against Drunk Drivers) and they had the exact stats (they work with the police on related deaths re alcohol) and I got those stats which were far higher in death rates than smokers or Marijuana users.

I fear if society or government interfere in some things (as long as it doesn't hurt anyone else) then they will rule over many things we do and it will be no longer a free democracy. Already it isn't and we are seeing changes in British Columbia at least. Now it's "We have to do something about over-weight kids" to "Cigarettes" (again no word of alcohol) and what's next ... you are over-weight you don't get quality medical care and the same thing goes for Marijuana or cigarette smokers. British Columbia has legalized Marijuana in hopes it would stop grow-ups, but it's the government sway of supposedly legalizing it for medicinal purposes for the sick and getting a big fat revenue out it. Grow-ops are popping up faster than new sub divisions and one only has to look at the news on TV to see this.

I am by no means saying smoking ANYTHING is good for a person, but neither is drinking!

This came directly from CNN.com :

Study finds no marijuana-lung cancer link

Wednesday, May 24, 2006; Posted: 2:11 p.m. EDT (18:11 GMT)Wednesday, May 24, 2006; Posted: 2:11 p.m. EDT (18:11 GMT)

LOS ANGELES, California (Reuters) -- Marijuana smoking does not increase a person's risk of developing lung cancer, according to the findings of a new study at the University of California Los Angeles that surprised even the researchers.

They had expected to find that a history of heavy marijuana use, like cigarette smoking, would increase the risk of cancer.

Instead, the study, which compared the lifestyles of 611 Los Angeles County lung cancer patients and 601 patients with head and neck cancers with those of 1,040 people without cancer, found no elevated cancer risk for even the heaviest pot smokers. It did find a 20-fold increased risk of lung cancer in people who smoked two or more packs of cigarettes a day.

The study results were presented in San Diego Tuesday at a meeting of the American Thoracic Society.

The study was confined to people under age 60 since baby boomers were the most likely age group to have long-term exposure to marijuana, said Dr. Donald Tashkin, senior researcher and professor at the UCLA School of Medicine.

The results should not be taken as a blank check to smoke pot, which has been associated with problems including cognitive impairment and chronic bronchitis, said Dr. John Hansen-Flaschen, chief of pulmonary and critical care at the University of Pennsylvania Health System in Philadelphia. He was not involved in the study.

Previous studies showed marijuana tar contained about 50 percent more of the chemicals linked to lung cancer, compared with tobacco tar, Tashkin said. In addition, smoking a marijuana joint deposits four times more tar in the lungs than smoking an equivalent amount of tobacco.

"Marijuana is packed more loosely than tobacco, so there's less filtration through the rod of the cigarette, so more particles will be inhaled," Tashkin said in a statement. "And marijuana smokers typically smoke differently than tobacco smokers -- they hold their breath about four times longer, allowing more time for extra fine particles to deposit in the lung."

He theorized that tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, a chemical in marijuana smoke that produces its psychotropic effect, may encourage aging, damaged cells to die off before they become cancerous.

Hansen-Flaschen also cautioned a cancer-marijuana link could emerge as baby boomers age and there may be smaller population groups, based on genetics or other factors, still at risk for marijuana-related cancers.

People i smoke pot everyday i think that people give answers without knowing what marijuana does to you. Marijuana calms me down it relaxes you, you don't act stupid while your smoking it. Marijuana actually lowers the risk of cancer it neutralizes the cancer cells and makes them slow down which causes you be less likely to get cancer. why do you think they give it to cancer patients? its not a bad thing people think it is because its against the law. it should be legal it don't cause as much harm as beer and cigarettes. and for the guy who was talking about the other countries helping their citizens quit smoking who are the ones who decide to pick up a pack of cigarettes they don't force you to buy them we do it on our own. i hate websites like this that downs marijuana and for all of you who are against marijuana you should try it because you wont be as up tight you would become more relaxed. if you do decide to smoke some pot listen to bob marley or tom petty it seems to help you mellow out and relax. thank you

Answer

To the above poster please do not assume that many of us haven't tried Marijuana. I grew up in the 50's and 60's in Canada. During the 50's there were few drugs around for teens to get into unless you wanted to run the gauntlet of 'the dark side of town' to get drugs. Then the 60's rolled in wish Hashise and all types of weed, along with acid and LSD. I tried Marijuana for a short time, but prefered to have a drink or two and I wasn't stupid enough to risk a bad trip on dropping acid or using LSD. No one said a person on Marijuana acted stupid. My nephew was a heavy smoker of Marijuana and he began to notice that he was flunking his courses in school. He was a 'couch potato' and had little get up and go. He gained weight mainly from wanting to eat more (caused by Marijuana) and thus, he became the perverbial couch potato. He has since stopped smoking Marijuana and is so glad he has because he has his energy level back and started to get good grades and now has a good job and a great girlfriend. He said he'd never go back! A person also runs the risk of Marijuana being laced with other chemicals and you can't rely on your provider of Marijuana unless you go to a special clinic (as cancer patients do) to receive that Marijuana.

Although there are some scientists that are for Marijuana they ALL conclude that Marijuana can certainly cause anxiety issues eventually and also panic attacks.

There is no scientific evidence that Marijuana slows down cancer cells. People with cancer are given Marijuana to help with nausea and pain and to help them relax.

Marijuana in moderate use is not harmful to you, but what is moderate? Some people toke up everytime they have a hint of 'not wanting to face up to reality.' Terrible way to go through life. Cigarette smokes light up because they feel it relaxes them, but contrary to this believe it actually pumps you up more (all in your mind) as does alcohol.

Answer

The person above me who said no scientific research says marijuana slows down cancer cells is misinformed. Do your best to factual back up what your saying, as I am about to back up my statement:

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/19/AR2007111900834.html

Answer

I do my research well. I did go to your website and the key word here is 'may' and again I will say that there is no conclusive scientific evidence (because it's in early stages of testing) that smoking Marijuana will slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. I highly suggest this website:

http://cannabisnews.com/news/23/thread23488.shtml

Answer

ok why does everyone think that just because some right-wing, paid off, scientist told them that "weed" is bad, they can try to change everyone else's thinking about it. I have smoked for a few years now, and have not had any effects at all. I know a man who has been smoking for forty years and has no psycological effects nor does he have cancer. And if you get weed that is laced dont buy form that seller any more. Right now I would like to inform you that if you listen and do what I am about to tell you I hold absoulutely no liability for any legal action taken against you. I say get some seeds and grow your own. It is cheaper, and you dont have any harmful chemicals. Smoke it. Eat it. Brew some tea. Vaporize it. Hell stick it in your ear. I don't care. But yes smoking it can have some SHORT term effects such as bronchitis and strong coughs. But just a little Nyquil takes care of that. This is the Might Walrusman Getiin' that hell out of here. Peace, my Brothers and Sisters!

I am 12 years old and I have never smoked pot and will never smoke it. But I have however read like a billion wiki answers articles about it today. Some by smokers and some by nonsmokers and I don't think anyone should smoke it accept for medicinal purposes. however I think it should be legal. for several reasons. 1 Because one of the main reasons people use is because it illegal. and 2 because its not the governments concern. I mean who are they to throw people in jail because they smoked something. 3 if pots outlawd why not outlaw other potentially harmful drugs like maby Coffee or aspirin. and we all know that would be wrong. 4 It is not a bad as cigarettes and tier legal. Kierans8

I have seen marijuana change peoples lives, in the most positive way, and also seen peoples lives ruined by doctor prescribed medicines such as xanax, morphine, oxycontin, and even antibiotics. Aids and cancer patients quality of life has improved tenfold when prescribed marijuana. They can eat, gain weight and strength which improves immune function, mood and attitude. Patients with incurable rhematoid arthitis have seen icreased motility, incredible pain control, without risking their lives using truly dangerous drugs such as morphine, dilaudid and oxycontin, as well as NSAIDS with scary side effects. I agree smoking marijuana is the least healthy way of using this amazing plant, but that is non issue as there are improvements in that, vaporizers and other means , such as ingestion, through butter based baked goods, such as cookies and brownies. In Canada, thank goodness, most of our society is open minded enough to understand these concepts, as well as our best judicial minds who reject criminalization of a person's right to choose or refuse any medical treatment, we have dominion over our own bodies. The police are now more cautious in demonizing medical and casual users, they keep their inforcement to the giant grow houses and fields in BC. I think kids in younger than 18 should not use it, but no one can argue with the differences in danger when comparing marijuana and alcohol in our youth say ages 16 - 25. Whether it be alcohol poisoning or impaired driving, and while I don't have the numbers in front of me, I know that it is impossible to OD on THC( the ingredient that gets you"high" in marijuana) while it is relativily easy for a binge drinking teen to poison ones self without meaning to. Any substance or act can be psycologically addictive, but it is the legal drugs and substances such as alcohol, opiods, sleep aids and anxiety medicine that are much more of a problem, along with the psycological addiction comes a physical addiction, where with marijuana, there is no physical addiction, only a possibility of psycological addiction. As this website shows there is too much misinformation, and so many different opinions with very little fact. There are too few studies done by companies that have no stake in the results, as even respected ivy league universities get grants from giant pharmacutical companies. There needs to be true unbiased studies completed by governments and independant parties with no stake in the outcome to sort out facts from fiction. This entire issue regarding youth social use needs to be put into the home, back where it belongs, away from the police and back to the parents. They are the ones who are teaching their own families morals and rules, and they need to be the ones informing and educating, as well as providing control and doling out appropriate punishment when a youth, teen or young adult breaks the rules. In Canada we don't send under age drinkers to jail and ruin their lives forever by preventing job opportunities and travel, and we are just starting to see the benefits of a more lenient program when it comes to enforcement with regards to small amounts of marijuana, unfortunatly it is a purely informal unwritten policy, as it is the investigating officers discretion. Anyway, my answer is marijuana has many wonderful benefits, medicinally and recreationally, but you need to be mature enough to understand it as a substance and what the consequence will be if you are caught, for example, in the US it can severly hurt your future regarding university, college and a future good job. The benefits to adults are many. It relieves stress, which in itself is the highest cause of disease in western countries, high stress really hurts the body, your central nervous system, digestive system, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system and immune system. Low stress increases all these functions, and when marijuana is used without stress on the respitory system(without smoking it, either using a vaporizer or putting into baking), it can relax the body and have that magical enlightening feeling of harsh stress just melting away. It is a great pain reliever, as well as an amazing treatment for many horrible painful disordrs, suxh as MS, AIDS, and Cancer. It increases appetite, relieves nausea, improves some digestive issues, relives joint inflammation and pain from arthritis and has increased not only the length of life with patients suffereing from painful, terminal illnesses, but the quality of life, which is much more important. Recreationally, it can decrease motivation in some,increase it in others, decrease short term memory in some, increase it in others. All I know personally is after I was hit by a car going 30 MPH, I was bedridden on serious painkillers, oxycontin, demerol and morphine, and was so weakened by my pain I had no motivation as well as paralizing anxiety that seemed to come from nowhere. My doctor suggested medicinal marijuana, and it saved my life. It took me off painkillers that were ruining my quality of life, enabeled me to increase my motility, and start working on strengthening my back and legs. I haven't looked back. I don't "party", I take a little in the AM before any physical activity (horseback riding, large breed dog trainiing,and gardening) and before bed to help my body relax ,and as well as needed in certain situations. I buy legally froma canadian goverment approved grow op and don't support the black market, and I am grateful for having an open minded doctor who had more knowledge than any other doctor I had ever encountered about this subject. It should only be used by adults though, same as alcohol, and our governments should put a stop to the crime element, regulate it, grow it, tax it and take the market away from the Criminal organizations that dominate it and don't always provide a safe product (it is sometimes laced with meth, opium or cocaine . These are added, to get you hooked on that one dealers stuff) and our government must provide safe access to patients in need. Thats my answer, from a little personal experience, and lots of research.

First answer by ID1161961371. Last edit by Bonniebonnie. Contributor trust: 0 [recommend contributor]. Question popularity: 177 [recommend question]