How can judges legally enforce a decision?

yes, If the parties involved agree that the decision made will be legally binding

Depending on the context, it is usually a verdict, a ruling, or a holding.

Yes, based on the offense and the ruling, changes can be done; Upon ruling, if the people taking an offensive verse you believe it is a too harsh or too soft penalty, they can go to the court, with...

A law cannot prevent a judge's decsion as the judge is sworn to abide by the law in accordance with the facts that are presented to them in court. The judge, personally, may not care for the decision...

In a jury trial, the jury makes decisions of fact, and the judge makes decisions on the law. Neither has any input on the others' decisions.