You take coupon sample, usually and approved shape and size, and pull it to failure with a tensile test machine such as those made by Instron. It has a load cell that measures the load it takes to...
Where :-
F - Force (N)
A- cross sectional area (mm2)
A- cross sectional area - Width *thickness (single wall)
So F/2(width * thickness) (N/mm2)
For Example :-
F= 35.963 N
width = 6.35 mm...
In general, you don't. Having pipe manufactured to your specs is extremely expensive. It is cheaper to use a commodity pipe product, rather than a custom one, as it reduces both the initial cost of a...