How do you file a claim to collect for damages if the responsible business has gone bankrupt?

Answer

Even if the company is now bankrupt they probably had insurance when they were in business but you will have to find out the insurance company.

Try to contact the attorney that is handling their BK and notify him that you have a claim.

Your best action is to file a claim with your insurance carrier and let them go after the other party. How this will affect your rates depends on the policies of your carrier. Ask your insurance agent.