One of the important concepts of modern physics which Aristotle didn't use is experimentation. While modern physics relies on experiments, Aristotle mostly philosophised.
Wikipedia gives you a good definition and a very large list of areas. There's also the "Simple English" wikipedia. They give a very short and good definition for Physics. See...
The main branches of classical physics include: Classical Mechanics Electromagnetism Optics Thermodynamics As well as many other sub-branches like hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, etc. In modern physics,...