When the alternative hypothesis is non-directional, we use a two-tailed test. Example: H0: mean = 50 Ha : mean not equal to 50 Here is a directional hypothesis that would use a one-tailed test. H0:...
I did not use models to test ideas about bird beaks. This was a question that you were supposed to answer using your own personal experience. Nobody is going to be able to answer it for you. I will...
No. The null hypothesis is assumed to be correct unless there is sufficient evidence from the sample and the given criteria (significance level) to reject it.