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In humans, a constant internal temperature is maintained by the balancing of metabolic heat with loss to the environment. The primary control center is the hypothalamus in the brain. To increase body temperature in cold conditions, the body can:

  • increase metabolism in the mitochondria of cells (a specialized form of fat called brown fat is used when available)
  • trigger increased activity of the muscles (shivering)
  • constrict the arteries near the skin surface
  • stop the release of sweat
  • contract hair follicles to raise body hairs, trapping a warmer layer of air along the skin

To decrease body heat in warm conditions, the reverse processes occur : decreased metabolism, vasodilation (flushing), increased sweating to cool by evaporation, and relaxation of the hair follicles to expose the skin to the air. Heat loss can also be increased from the lungs by opening nasal passages.

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Q: How does the body maintain a constant temperature?
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