The Senate of Canada is a chamber of "sober second thought". Members of the Senate are appointed by the Governor General (the Queen's representative) on the advice of the prime minister, whereas members of the House of Commons are elected during each general election. The Senate has the exact same powers as the House of Commons, with these exceptions:
- As the Government of Canada is not responsible to the Senate, the defeat by senators of a budget or a key piece of the Government's agenda does not force the resignation of the Government or a general election.
- Money bills may not be proposed in the Senate. (Note: The Senate is free to defeat any budget or money bill, and to make any amendments it wishes, provided that those amendments would not need the Governor General's Recommendation, as these can only be received at the request of a minister.)
- The Senate only has a suspensive veto of 180 days on constitutional amendments that seek the consent of the provinces. The House of Commons can pass a constitutional amendment without the consent of the Senate once this period has expired.