How does glass refract light?

Answer 1

Let us consider the beam of light incident on the boundary surface between two substances - glass with refractive index n=1.5 and air with refractive index n=1. One part of light will reflect from such a boundary surface and other part will pass through it being refracted. The total energy in the reflected and refracted rays is equal to the energy of the incident light, but the proportion of the intensities in these two rays will depend upon the refractive index difference, the angle of incidence, the light polarization and direction in which the light is passing the border (from glass to air or from air to glass). Animations below show four possible cases of the light beam transmission:

Glass -> Air

Video

Air -> Glass

VideoParallel

polarizationPerpendicular

polarization

The polarization is called parallel when the vector of electric field E lies in the plane of incident ray and normal to the border (see the figure below). In other case the polarization is called perpendicular

According to Fresnel formula the angles q1of the incident wave, q2 of the reflected wave and q3 of the refracted wave are given by the equation:

q1 = q2

n1sinq1 = n2sinq3

The intensity reflection coefficients R and R^ and transmission coefficients T and T^ (for the parallel and perpendicular polarization consequently) are described by the equations:

For the ray incident normally to the border there is no difference between the parallel and perpendicular components. In this case we can write:

The dependencies for the reflection coefficients R and for transmission coefficients T are given in the following figures:

We can see from these figures and animations that for the light incident from the glass into the air there is an angle when the Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is observed. This means that any ray propagating in a glass at angles bigger than a critical angle (about 42� for glass-air interface) will be totally reflected and will not pass into the air. This effect is used for transmission of the light signals by the glass fiber over the large distance without a considerable attenuation.

qTIR = arcsin(n2/n1), n1 > n2

We can see also in the figure that for the light propagating from the air into the glass there is an angle at which the light with parallel polarization will not reflect, while the intensity of the perpendicularly polarized light is not zero. This angle is called Brewster's angle (56�40' for glass-air interface) and used for creation of the light polarizers and in lasers.

qBR = arctg(n2/n1), n1 < n2

Answer 2

When light passes through materials other than the vacuum of empty space, it is slowed. When it slows it bends this bending is called refraction. Lenses are engineered such that all the light impinging on one surface of the lens is bent to a point (called the focus) somewhere behind the lens.

Answer 3

because it rests from the surface of the moon and the light shines from the sun

Answer 4

It is a little triangle and if you hold a white light to it, it seperates the light into the 7 colors.

Answer 5

a prism