As of 2010, 12,000.
As of 2013, approximately 6 million.
In Israel and the USA
Jewish people live in many countries, particularly the USA and their 'home': Israel.
The United States, Israel, and Russia have substantial Jewish populations, and many other countries have some Jewish population.
The answer depends on how the question is read:Reading 1: At what time did only Jews and no other people live in Israel?Never. Jewish people have lived in Israel for thousands of years, but there has never been a time when ONLY Jewish people lived within it's borders.Reading 2: At what time did all Jews live exclusively in Israel?The Jewish People lived exclusively in Israel from their early development as a nation (in what is now Israel and the West Bank) up to 586 BCE when the Babylonians conquered the Kingdom of Judah and exiled the Jewish aristocracy to Babylon (and therefore made part of the Jewish community live outside of Israel). Never again did the Jews exclusively live in Israel.
Israel
5,510 Jewish people live in vermont
Modern day Israel is a nation-state with a Jewish majority. There are also numerous Jews elsewhere. The Jewish tradition holds that Jews are God's chosen people, chosen to bear the burden of the Torah, but the Jewish tradition also includes many stories of Jewish governments that failed to live up to their responsibility.
Many.
Many did, but not all.
The Modern State of Israel has little to do with Jewish faith, but a lot to do with Jewish identity. Israel is the only Jewish State in the sense that Greece is the only Greek State (except perhaps Cyprus). Israel actualizes many of the ideals of Jewish leadership and society and represents what being Jewish means as a group of people and a society. However, according to Jewish faith, there is no need for a State as God will protect His people. This is why Israel has little directly to do with faith. Regardless, much of the religious Jewish decisions and schools are in Israel and Israel's Jewish orientation facilitates the growth and development of these institutions. In terms of Jewish identity, Ahad Ha'am explains that the Jewish Soul is intrinsically connected to his history and in the same way that a German-American can never be as properly German as a German in Germany, the People of Israel can never be as properly Jewish if they are not in the Land of Israel. The relics in that land speak to a Jewish sensibility and character.
Originally, the Jewish faith was created in what is now modern day Israel. Many Jews live in Israel today, and many people associate Jewish people with that country today. Not ALL Jews are from Israel. There are many that have ancestors who lived in ancient Israel, but many could have converted to Judaism but lived in another country. Saying that Jews are from one country is like saying that Christians come from Italy, it's just not true. Therefore, no Jews are not from a certain country.
The Modern State of Israel has little to do with Jewish faith, but a lot to do with Jewish identity. Israel is the only Jewish State in the sense that Greece is the only Greek State (except perhaps Cyprus). Israel actualizes many of the ideals of Jewish leadership and society and represents what being Jewish means as a group of people and a society. However, according to Jewish faith, there is no need for a State as God will protect His people. This is why Israel has little directly to do with faith. Regardless, much of the religious Jewish decisions and schools are in Israel and Israel's Jewish orientation facilitates the growth and development of these institutions. In terms of Jewish identity, Ahad Ha'am explains that the Jewish Soul is intrinsically connected to his history and in the same way that a German-American can never be as properly German as a German in Germany, the People of Israel can never be as properly Jewish if they are not in the Land of Israel. The relics in that land speak to a Jewish sensibility and character.