depends on which kind of pipe it is. copper is normally bend using a pibe bender, you can get it at most hardware stores.. if its a steel pipe for water and so on, you can fill it with sand, and...
Using various mathematical formulas such as a 45 degree offset would be 1.4142.
Then there is 90 DEG, 60 Deg, 45 Deg, 22.5 Deg 11 1/4 DEG.
1/4 bend 1/8 Bend 1/16 Bend 1/32 Bend and then once yo know...