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Generally, the principles of Logic are taught at year-long University courses, so the very brief explanation offered here is bound to be superficial and may not be as easy to understand.

Deductive reasoning explores the implications of statements about the world. If the connection between the statements follows a logical pattern, then if the first statement is true, the second one must necessarily be true.

The statement from which we draw the implications is called a premise. The second statement (which must necessarily be true if the premise is, or premises are) is called a conclusion.

A Syllogism is one type of Logical argument although it's not the only one. The premises and conclusion always follow the form "All x are y" or "No x are y", or "Some x are y". For example, if you said "All Arabs are Muslims" and "No Muslims are Christians" are your premises, then you could logically come to the conclusion that "No Arabs are Christians." That's a syllogism, and a valid argument because if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion. But although the structure of the argument is good (it is valid), unfortunately as it happens one of the premises, the statement "All Arabs are Muslims" is false. As a result the conclusion is false.

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Jamir Kovacek

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1y ago
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16y ago

There is a knock on the door of 221B Baker Street, London.

Dr Watson: "Who can that be Holmes?"

Sherlock Holmes: "I believe you will find that it is a fat man, about six feet tall, with grey whiskers, a bowler hat and a black eye Watson!"

Dr Watson: "Good God Holmes, I know your powers of deductive reasoning are staggering, but how on earth can you know that?"

Sherlock Holmes: "Because I used a syllogism Watson. I happened to glance out of the window and saw such a man approach our door immediately prior to the sound of the knock. I used those two facts as premises to conclude that when you opened the door it would be valid to assume that such a man would prove to be standing there."

Dr Watson: "Holmes, you are amazing!"

Sherlock Holmes: "Thank you Watson; that's flattering - but also true."

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Q: How would you explain deductive reasoning so that someone could understand it defining the terms premises syllogism true and valid?
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