Workers Comp varies from state to state but in general, if you are an employer you must pay for Workers Comp for your employees. Most large contractors require their subs to show evidence of Workers Comp coverage. This is because the insurance companies will charge the GC if they can't show evidence of all workers being covered under other policies. So in general, yes, sub contractors have to pay for Workers Comp.
Yes, either that or Occupational Accident and Contingent Liability. These are often less expensive than Comp and can be customized.
No, you cannot file against the contractor if you carry a ghost policy as a sub. The only way to file against the contractor is via a worker's compensation claim.
The general expectation is that a contractor pays their own expenses. That would include a sub-contractor being responsible for their own workman's compensation. Most subcontracting agreements will specify this in the contract.
If you are paid a wage or a salary for temporary work, the employer must deduct ALL taxes, social security and workers comp. If you are a subcontractor paid on a 1099, (which means YOU will pay all the taxes, etc) then no deductions are taken from your compensation. So it depends on the agreement you have with the contractor. He cannot, however, just take out workers comp and nothing else.
The contractor should make a claim upon the sub-contractors insurance and/or bond. If the sub-contractor defrauded the contractor on having insurance and/or bonding in place then he should report the contractor to the State licensing board, file claim on their insurance, and civil lawsuit (if the insurance company does not directly file or pay).
A General Contractor hires Sub Contractors to do different portions of the toal project. A Sub Contractor may then hire a Sub Tier Subcontractor to do a portion of their work.
A sub-contractors rights are usually defined in their sub-contractor's agreement (contract).
A General Contractor hires Sub Contractors to do different portions of the toal project. A Sub Contractor may then hire a Sub Tier Subcontractor to do a portion of their work.
The prime contractor is contracted by the end customer. Sub-contractors are contracted by the prime contractor or other sub-contractors.
If the general contractor refuses to pay, you must sue the contractor for payment. You may also sue his bonding company, if he has one. If your dispute exceeds small claims, see a real estate attorney right away.
The contractor will get a bid from the sub contractor and add his percentage, then present the change order to the customer. This depends on the change. Some changes are items which are pre-set arrangements between the contractor and sub that can be priced without a bid from the sub. Flooring for example.
Licensed sub-contractors are usually required to obtain their own workers comp insurance and provide proof of same to anyone who hires him.