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Through mutations in DNA, and natural selection of advantageous mutations.
Everything from available food to climate will cause the changes we see in natural selection. Random mutations occur constantly and when those mutations are beneficial for life, the genetic code is more likely to be passed on to future generations.
No - natural selection does not create new alleles. Variation in alleles needs to exist in the population in order for natural selection to occur. Natural selection will involve the change in allele frequencies over time, but it does not create new alleles. New alleles are the result of mutations.
This would occur when organisms showing many genetic differences caused by mutations and genetic recombination reproduce in a changing environment.
Yes, natural selection is always occurring.
What population? Perhaps you mean if there were no variation for natural selection to select from.
There are really no steps in natural selection - just conditions required for it to occur.
Evolution through natural selection occurs slowly over millions of years. It has been hypothesized that evolution is the result of positive mutations that occur in a community of organisms that help them survive better. Evolution is essentially descent with modification.
Without genetic diversity, natural selection cannot occur
the presence of predators
Neither. Lamarckian evolution does not take place at all; almost all of his concepts are now known to be incorrect. The population will still undergo mutation, and natural selection for beneficial mutations and against harmful ones will still occur.
Mutation cannot occur