Is Bodhidharma the creator of Kung Fu?

Answer 1

No, Bodhidharma did not create kung fu--i.e., Chinese Martial Arts. Anyone who tells you that he did is relying on legend. The most common variation of the legend is that the Buddhist Monk brought his knowledge of indigenous South Asian martial arts with him to China from India during the 6th century CE. He is purported to have settled at the famous Shaolin Monastery and taught qigong, a type of medicinal stretching and breathing exercise, and a system of boxing to the monks there, thus founding Chinese martial arts. However, the people who tell this story don't realize the origins of the legend do not predate the 17th-century. This is when the qigong set was first published by a Daoist priest in a Chinese training manual known as the Sinew-Changing Classic (Yijin Jing). The manual has two forged prefaces attributed to famous historical generals that trace the exercise through a chain of heroes and holy men back to Bodhidharma. The exercise has no martial applications, so the idea of him physically teaching boxing to the monks of Shaolin didn't come until much later. In fact, this particular evolution of the legend did not come about until the early 20th-century publication of a Chinese satirical novel known as the Travels of Lao Can (laocan youji). The author obviously mistook the exercise for martial arts and claimed that Bodhidharma had taught the monks boxing. This mistake was later repeated in several bestselling martial arts manuals, thus allowing the legend to become a part of the social fabric of martial arts practitioners. The story is still circulating today. The idea that Bodhidharma created ALL martial arts is a much, much later adaptation of the early 20th-century mistake.

For more about the Bodhidharma legend, see my research paper "A Venerated Forgery: The Daoist Origins of Shaolin's Famous Yijin Jing Manual." See the references therein for a wider perspective.