It was called the Golden Age because the people of Athens enjoyed peace and good government and Athens became very powerful. For more information, see the page link, further down this page, under...
Gilded generally refers to a thin layer of gold over an otherwise non-elegant object. At a deeper level, this age represented the few fabulously wealthy people (the thin gold) that covered up much...
It was a period of various economic depressions and corruption. The term was coined by Mark Twain, and it refers to a gilt metal: it is gold on the outside (beautiful), but if you dig a little deeper...
What "Golden Age" do you mean? There have been many. Assuming that you are asking about the Golden Age of Greece, it applies to Athens, and lasted about 200 years, from the defeat of the Persian...