Too bad for your child. They might be more receptive if your child asks.
if a non custodial parent reuses to sign a passport the only option is court. A judge can decide if it is in the best interests of the child to leave the country.
You have to be 16 years of age or older to sign a passport without a parent being with you. You can sign by yourself at 14 but a parent/guardian/adult must be with you.
Yes. Minors are required to obtain a passport when leaving the U.S. Both parents have to sign the application for a passport. If the noncustodial parent cannot be present when the application is made he or she must submit a notarized statement of permission. The exception is if the parent requesting the passport has sole legal custody, if that is the case he or she must present the court order of custody. All documents must be original or legal copies of the original with the embossed seal of the court and/or government agency. In the case of 16-17 year olds, they must appear in person at the time of application with the required documentation.
With court approval and provided welfare is not involved. see links
Not without a a first right of refusal in the current custody orders, or custody modification
Can teaching assistants countersign a passport
Depends upon the state and what the judge thinks of the situation. If the parents are against it, the judge may still grant emancipation. Or the judge may send the juvenile to a group or foster home.
Under Australian the non main carer can take a child out of the Country on Holidays. The child must have a passport. To obtain a passport, both parents need to sign the application form. If the other parent will not consent to the application for a passport then an application to the court must be made. If the child has a passport, then the holiday can be taken provided that it is in accordance with the Orders of the court, or by agreement with the other parent. If you are worried about the other parent taking the child out of the country without your agreement, then you can apply to the court for the child to be put on the airport watchlist.
There is a lot missing, such as was the custodial denying access? Also, did the custodial sign the Visa Application for the child?
From the United States, yes, a passport is necessary. Among other things it is one item used to insure that a minor is not being taken against the will of the parents, as both parent's must sign the application to acquire one.
Veto.
Yes of course. Unless the custodial parent is unfit the judge would not just change it though but there is also shared custody. It's up to the court to decide.