An engine's combustion chamber does not have a perfect seal. At the time of ignition, some of the expanding gas leaks past the rings into the bottom (crankcase) of the engine, known as the
Blowby Gases. This gas contains oil and partially burned fuel that can pressurize the bottom half of the engine, leading to blown oil seals and making it harder for the engine to work.
The Positive Crankcase Ventilation system allows a route for these gases to be scavenged and passed back through the engine for consumption. It reduces emissions and keeps the engine from over pressurizing.