The command file will display what the type of the file is, even if it does not have a file extension. For example:
user@hostname:~$ file image.png
image.png: PNG image data, 639 x 480, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced
user@hostname:~$ file picture
picture: JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01, comment: "CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJ"