Answer:
What "Golden Age" do you mean? There have been many.
Assuming that you are asking about the Golden Age of Greece, it applies to Athens, and lasted about 200 years, from the defeat of the Persian Empire in 546 to about 300 BCE. This was the fime frame in which the Parthenon was built, and Athens set the example for Philosophy, Theatre, Sports, Oratory, and Government.
However, during this time Athens became a tyrannical empire builder, due to the fact that the land around Athens was not good for growing grain, and Athens needed wheat.
Eventually the other Greek city states became tired of Athens, and Sparta defeated it in what has become known as the Peloponnesian Wars, which began in 441 BCE, and ended about 400 BCE. After that Sparta and Athens became allies.
The Roman Empire took over from there, and eventually conquered Greece in the battle of Corinth in 168 BCE.
The Roman Empire lasted until 410 CE, when the Visigoths from Northern Italy broke through Roman defenses and sacked the city.
After that came the Dark Ages in Europe, though the East was flowering.