If a ureter is obstructed and ureteral stenting is not possible, a nephrostomy may be performed. During this procedure, a tube is placed through the skin on the patient's back, into the area of the kidney that collects urine.
Normally, a ureteral stent re-establishes the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder. Postoperative urine flow will be monitored to ensure the stent has not been dislodged or obstructed.
Bleeding, Catheter migration or dislodgement, Coiling of the stent within the ureter, Introduction or worsening of infection, Penetration of adjacent organs (e.g., bowel, gallbladder, or lungs)
By the time coronary artery disease progresses and requires balloon angioplasty, there is no alternative to balloon angioplasty other than coronary bypass surgery.