Answer:
They are beams (wood or metal) in the cross-sectional form of an I or a T. They are nearly as strong as a solid beam of the same size, but are much lighter.
The perpendicular planes of a T beam resist deforming because it requires considerable force to bend a horizontal plane of material. The advantage of the I beam over the T beam is that it is easily attached in all directions.
The other form that uses this principle is the box beam or box girder, a hollow square or rectangular tube.