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Ecological fallacy takes place when you draw a claim about individual based on your observation of grouped or aggregated data.
For example, observational studies have found that countries with greater coffee consumption has lower number of Heart disease (I just make this example up), and then you go about to say that you are going to drink more coffee so you will have lower chance of developing heart disease.
You can see you will be drawing inference on individual level based on evidence from group level. This is wrong because there could be other plausible explanations. I.e. Maybe the countries with great coffee consumption only have a small portion of individuals drink coffee but they drink in ridiculously large volume, and the other portion (the non-coffee drinking groups) which exercise regularly and consume healthy disease and this is this latter group (not the coffee drinking group) contribute to lower risk of heart disease.
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