For all intents and purposes international copyright protection exists at the same moment it is effective in your home country. Between the Berne Copyright Convention, TRIPS and WIPO treaties,...
All members of the World Trade Organization are required to base their copyright laws on the Berne Convention, which includes recognizing works of authors of other member states.
Since copyright protection is instantaneous all that is needed is to fulfill two requirements. The work must be of sufficient originality to qualify and it must be fixed in a tangible medium...
You don't. Names, titles, and common words/phrases are not eligible for copyright protection. In some cases, however, they may qualify for trademark protection.