What are the courses needed to become a math or science or physics teacher knowing that I have a BSC in Engineering?

The following is by and according to the U.S. Department of Labor and particular to the education and training required for a teacher. The traditional route to becoming a public school teacher...

You would need a Bachelor's degree in Education in the area of Physics,Science. You could also have a degree in Physics and then get a certified to teach. The first option is the better way to go...

four years

Typically, it is a lower level math that usually will not exceed a college algebra.

It is typically a lower level math. Either a math concepts or finite math, or no more than a college algebra.