What are the pathogenic fungi and the disease they cause?

Aspergillus fumigatus (A. clavitus), which can cause an allergic disease. Aspergillus flavus which is an alfatoxin and a carcinogen and it can contanimate foods such as nuts.
Aspergillus flavus, in the days of the Salem Witch trials, was ingested by the colonial people because it grew in corn or grain stored in sylos. The alfatoxin made the colonial people hallicunate and this is probably where they got the idea of witches. Many of the claims of witchcraft had been hallucinated by someone.

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Diseases Caused by Fungi
Fungal infections or mycoses are classified depending on the degree of tissue involvement and mode of entry into the host. These are:
Superficial - localised to the skin, the hair, and the nails.
Subcutaneous - infection confined to the dermis, subcutaneous tissue or adjacent structures.
Systemic - deep infections of the internal organs.
Opportunistic - cause infection only in the immunocompromised.
Human fungal infections in the United Kingdom are uncommon in normally healthy persons, being confined to conditions such as candidiasis (thrush) and dermatophyte skin infections such as athlete's foot. However, in the immunocompromised host, a variety of normally mild or nonpathogenic fungi can cause potentially fatal infections. Furthermore, the relative ease with which people can now visit "exotic" countries provides the means for unusual fungal infections to be imported into this country.

Superficial Mycoses
As listed above, in superficial mycoses infection is localised to the skin, the hair, and the nails. An example is "ringworm" or "tinea", an infection of the skin by a dermatophyte. Ringworm refers to the characteristic central clearing that often occurs in dermatophyte infections of the skin. Dermatophyte members of the genera Trycophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton are responsible for the disease. Tinea can infect various sites of the body, including the scalp (tinea capitis), the beard (tinea barbae) the foot (tinea pedis: "athlete's foot") and the groin (tinea cruris). All occur in the United Kingdom although tinea infections, other than pedis, are now rare.
Candida albicans is a yeast causing candidiasis or "thrush" in humans. As a superficial mycoses, candidiasis typically infects the mouth or vagina. C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the vagina and gastrointestinal tract and is termed a "commensal". However, during times of ill health or impaired immunity the balance can alter and the organism multiplies to cause disease. Antibiotic treatment can also alter the normal bacterial flora allowing C. albicans to flourish.

Subcutaneous Mycoses
These are infections confined to the dermis, subcutaneous tissue or adjacent structures. Infection may arise following the wounding of the skin and the introduction of vegetable matter. These mycoses are rare and confined mainly to tropical regions. They tend to be slow in onset and chronic in duration. An example is sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. The fungus is dimorphic, being a mould that can convert to a yeast form at 37°C on rich laboratory media or in infection. Sporotrichosis was once common in Europe but cases are now rare. The disease is most prevalent the Americas, South Africa and Australia. Infection usually follows and insect bite, thorn prick or scratch from a fish spine. Certain occupation groups appear to have increased risk from infection. These include florists, farm workers and others who handle hay and moss. The most common symptom is a ulcerative lesion that may develop into lymphangitis.
Systemic Mycoses (primary and opportunistic)
These are invasive infections of the internal organs with the organism gaining entry by the lungs, gastrointestinal tract or through intravenous lines. They may be caused by: (i) primary pathogenic fungi or (ii) by opportunistic fungi that are of marginal pathogenicity but can infect the immunocompromised host.
Primary Pathogenic Fungi
Infection occurs in previously healthy persons and arises through the respiratory route. Examples include histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis and paracoccidiodomycosis. The fungi occur throughout the world but not in the United Kingdom.
Histoplasmosis. This is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. The organism is dimorphic (being a mould that can convert to a yeast form). H. capsulatum is endemic in many parts of the world including North and South America. It is found in the soil and growth is enhanced by the presence of bird and bat excreta. Environments containing such material are often implicated as sources of human infection. The lungs are the main site of infection but dissemination to the liver, heart and central nervous system can occur. Pulmonary infection can resemble symptoms seen in tuberculosis.