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What are the uses of isotopes in chemistry?

Updated: 8/16/2019
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One use is isotope labeling. For example, you can synthesize a molecule with a carbon-13 at a particular location, allow it to undergo a reaction, and then see where the carbon-13 turns up in the product. This has been used (using oxygen instead of carbon) to show that the linking oxygen in an ester comes from the alcohol and not the acid, which tells us something about the mechanism of the esterification reaction.

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Q: What are the uses of isotopes in chemistry?
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