In English it is 'Tanach' or 'Tanakh'. In Hebrew it is תנ"ך Tanach is an acronym made up of its three sections: Torah (Teachings), Nevi'im (Prophets), K'tuvim (Writings).
Judaism in some form may have existed before the Jews first arrived in Israel, if we are to accept the biblical account, which tells us that the tribes of Israel originated in Mesopotamia, then went...