The white area in fingernails and hair are caused by air. That's also why snow is white and not blue. Little bumps and bruises that are done to the bed of the nail cause these imperfections.
It could be caused by a dietary deficiency, such as zinc. The most common reason for little white spots are from a minor injury to the nail bed. The other cause could possibly be an allergic reaction...
Lack of milk or zinc, stress, allergic reaction (nailpolish or acrylic nails), or pressure (preventing the blood from circulating into your finger near the nail).