Answer:
Once the convicts, officers and marines of the First Fleet reached New South Wales, there were many challenges associated with establishing a colony in a new and unfamiliar land.
Captain Arthur Phillip, the first Governor, was a practical man who suggested that convicts with experience in farming, building and crafts be included in the First Fleet, but the British authorities rejected his proposal. Because of this, he faced many problems as he tried to establish the new colony.
One of the major problems was that British farming methods, seeds and implements were unsuitable for use in the different climate and soil. The farming implements broke easily in the tough soil of the colony. Many of the seeds had gone mouldy in the humidity or been eaten by rats and mice during the eight-month journey. Also, the convicts weren't prepared to work in the excessive Australian heat and humidity, often downing tools and flatly refusing to work, despite the threats of punishment.
As a result, the main problem was that the colony faced near-starvation in its first two years. The colonists were poorly equipped for the task of settling a new land with an unfamiliar climate. Starvation was averted when, in December 1790, twenty-five bushels of barley were successfully harvested. By the time the 3rd Fleet arrived, they brought enough provisions and more suitable equipment and seeds to help the colony to succeed agriculturally.
Phillip was also on the lookout for more land. He led several exploration parties in search of new land which could be settled and farmed. However, the further they explored, the more they encountered Aborigines. As the Europeans spread out, hostility between the two groups was inevitable.
The colony finally succeeded in developing a solid foundation, agriculturally and economically, thanks to the perseverance of Captain Arthur Phillip.