The distance from the top of the plant to the bulb should be between 12-18 inches this is ideal for a 400 watt HPS. The higher the wattage the higher away from the canopy the lower the wattage the closer it should be some people use fluorescent tubes these can go as close as 1-2 inches away from the tops of the plants. Lights that aren't at the right distance may either burn your plants or just make them hug the ceiling.
24-30 inches, closer with light movers or air cooled reflectors
18" unless its air cooled then 8"
6" to 8"
A 230 watt linear halogen lamp should be replaced by a 230 watt linear halogen lamp if the same brightness is required.
Yes assuming the ballast is also for a metal halide lamp.
As long as the lamp holder will take the larger wattage lamp and the current of the circuit is sized to take the larger current then yes, the lamps should be interchangeable.
the 35 watt lamp will work in a 40 watt ballast.
No you would need a 400 watt hps lamp for flowering but you could probably use that cfl for the veg period
A 230 watt linear halogen lamp should be replaced by a 230 watt linear halogen lamp if the same brightness is required.
Yes assuming the ballast is also for a metal halide lamp.
because it has more watts
As long as the lamp holder will take the larger wattage lamp and the current of the circuit is sized to take the larger current then yes, the lamps should be interchangeable.
16 AWG is plenty large enough for a 50 or 100 watt lamp.
Yes. Lower wattage would be safe for the lamp wires and components.
the 35 watt lamp will work in a 40 watt ballast.
6 watt bulb for mini lamp
No you would need a 400 watt hps lamp for flowering but you could probably use that cfl for the veg period
Yes, you CAN. The real question is whether or not you should. There is always a fire hazard, especially if the lamp is near drapes, or has a large shade or whatnot on it. If it was me I'd only use a 60 watt bulb in a 60 watt lamp.
10-11 lumens per watt for incandescent bulbs 13-14 lumens per watt for halogen 50-60 lumens per watt for fluorescent
If the socket threads of the lamp are the same then yes the bulbs can be interchanged. The 5 watt bulb will glow brighter than the 4 watt bulb. If by a 4 watt light you mean a 4 watt fixture, then it is not recommended to place a larger wattage lamp in a fixture that is rated by the manufacturer at a specific operating wattage