The synagogue has 3 functions. It is a house of prayer, a house of study, and a house of assembly (or socializing)
Jews pray, congregate, and eat. It's not terribly different than a church or a mosque. If you want a clearer idea of what goes on, I'd recommend you to contact a nearby Reform or Conservative Synagogue and try to schedule a visit for Shabbat Services on Saturday.
"synagogue" is greek, for "place of assembly".
In English you would say "temple". In Hebrew it is "beit knesset".
This is the place where a Jewish congregation reads the Torah portion for the week (one section of the Old Testament, in ancient hebrew), prays for the sick, asks for peace, and in general celebrates the Sabbath.
It is just like a Christian church in many ways.
The synagogue has 3 functions. It is a house of prayer, a house of study, and a house of assembly (or socializing)