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Land Surveyors use markers as reference points for topographic mapping. Companies such as NRG Surveys will install a series of markers and using specialist measuring equipment will measure the precise 3 dimensional cartesian coordinates of each marker with reference to a network. The network may be a local system where it is assumed the earth is flat for small surveys but for larger surveys a 'projection' is required to accomodate the curvature of the earth. Heights are commonly referred to in relation to the geoid, the equipotential surface of the earth which would coincide exactly with the mean ocean surface, if the oceans were in equilibrium, at rest, and extended through the continents.

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Q: What do colored survey markers mean?
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