They do a few different things these days but their primary role is that of radar. The use of radar that flies from a station, hits the aircraft and bounces back to the station is very limited.
In most normal situations the ground station sends out a signal. The transponder receives the signal and transmits the return signal. It allows for greater range of the radar and also allows extra info to be passed to the radar controller like height and aircraft ID.
This is known as Secondary Radar.
sattelite bandwidth is broken into segments called transponders
Police can only legally track a vehicle with a court order or in cooperation with the owner. This is done by GPS transponders and Cellphone transponders which pinpoint the vehicle by triangulation.
This happens because there are new transponders that are not programmed in your receiver. You need to edit your sat (from the receiver) to add the missing transponders. then do a channels search. there are many good WEB sites listing the up-to-date transponders. check them against your receiver.
The math behind aircrafts is very complex gemoetry and physics.
ATC codes identify each individual aircraft. They are 4 digits long and are programmed at the start of each flight onto the aircraft's transponder. Once airborne the transponder sends information back regarding the aircrafts position, altitude etc so that ATC can keep track of them. The transponder also 'speaks' to other aircraft transponders and provides information to the aircrafts anticollision system. The only codes not used for aircraft are 7500, 7600 ad 7700 which are emergency codes.
There are about 312000 aircraft's in the world and out of them 17700 are passenger carrier aircrafts
saunders, launders, condors, ponders, responders, transponders.
Most Gulfstream Aircrafts range in price from 37 million to 62 million for new aircrafts, however if you would like a pre-owned aircraft it is considerably cheaper.
boeing
Aircrafts and boats and something else I forgot
aircrafts and fast cars are streamlined so that the air flows over them more easily
unpiloted aircrafts can not generally react as well to unexpected events as opposed to piloted aircrafts.