The basic necessities for observing Shabbat are:
Additionally, it's expected that we serve at least two different kinds of meat for the Shabbat dinner (Friday evening) [unless you are a vegetarian].
And, as no cooking is allowed once Shabbat starts, many people use a slow cooker or Shabbat compliant oven (one that doesn't auto-shut off) to prepare a hot meal for lunch Shabbat day (Saturday) in advance.
Yes, if Yom Kippur falls on Shabbat. However, during a regular Shabbat, fasting is a violation of celebrating the day. Instead, the Torah specifies that Jews are supposed to eat 3 delicious meals as part of celebrating Shabbat.
It doesn't matter where you are - the rules are always the same.
Even those who don't have to cook for Shabbat, still need to do Eruv Tavshilin in order to light Shabbat candles (from an existing flame.) Source: http://halocho.blogspot.com/2009/04/halocho-304-rare-mitzvah-eruv-tavshilin.html If you have no need to do any Melacha for Shabbat at all, then you do not need to make Eruv Tavshilin - and if you still want to, you may not make a Bracha. Source: My Rabbi
Yes only when Shabbat is over. For conditions of life and death, it is permissible to do "work". For example, ambulances still run on Shabbat because people could be seriously injured on Shabbat and need medical help.
They prepare their children for Shabbat and light the Shabbat candles.
"Shabbat Shalom!"
They're called Shabbat candles (Neirot Shabbat in Hebrew).
After Shabbat, there is the Havdalah service.
Shabbat Shabbatot
Shabbat comes from the Hebrew word for sit/rest. Shabbat is the day of rest.
Shabbat shalom is a Jewish greeting which we say during the day of Shabbat. See also:More about the Jewish Shabbat
Shabbat Shalom (שבת שלום).Note: This means 'A peaceful shabbat'. The phrase "happy shabbat" is not a phrase that is traditionally used.