It's the Sheldon Scale, which is used in grading the condition of coins. A coin graded as a 1 is only barely recognizable, while a 70 is absolutely flawless. And no, I don't know why the scale only goes to 70 instead of 100.
Fine, with a rating of 12 on the scale from 1 (being the worst) and 70 being the best. Such a coin isn't in the greatest condition but has everything readable.
PF-69 is not a value, it's a grade. But it does affect the value, the higher the grade the more value a coin has. A PF-69 coin is one grade below a "Perfect" proof coin.
Raw refers to a coin that isn't sold in a case. Higher end coins are usually encapsulated and graded by a coin grading company such as PGS. A raw coin however isn't. Some people may try to assign...
S and P aren't grades, they're mint marks indicating where a coin was struck. There are many other possible mint marks for U.S. coins as well, depending on their denomination and date.
You have to know what it is. What country, what date, what denomination. Then you have to grade the condition. There are books that explain how to do this.