They are both Article III (constitutional) federal courts with appellate jurisdiction. The US Court of Appeals Circuit Courts have more limited jurisdiction than the Supreme Court, but the Supreme...
Yes, for the most part. The US Supreme Court has both original (trial) and appellate (appeals) jurisdiction, but most cases reach the Court on appeal. The Supreme Court currently hears only disputes...
The question is somewhat unclear. The court system of the various US states are similar in makeup to that of the federal system. In the state court system Circuit Courts are equivelant to the US...
The US Supreme Court's authority is outlined in Article III of the Constitution. Article III, Section 1 states: "The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in...