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Proteins are essentially amino acids and polypeptide bonds formed from a set of 20 amino acids. With that being said, amino acids consist of:

A central alpha Carbon atom which has 4 bonds:

One hydrogen bond

Amino group (two hydrogens attached to a nitrogen)

Carboxyl Group (Another Carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxide group [Oxygen and Hydrogen])

And an R group. The R group is what makes the amino acids different and function different such as making it non-polar, polar, or electrically charged (acidic or basic).

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