By default it should be using the ext3 file system, but you have a choice of several, including ext2, reiserfs, etc.
Newer versions of Ubuntu tend to install as ext4 file systems, however if you've upgraded from an older version then you'll keep your original file system.
Ubuntu and Debian both default to the ext3 file system. However, a user can choose to use ext2. ext4, ReiserFS, JFS, or XFS.
Debian and Debian-based systems are commonly in use as the most popular Linux distribution family. Ubuntu and derivatives fall under this category as Ubuntu is based on Debian, and Raspbian is an ARM port targeted towards the Raspberry Pi.
mint, ubuntu, debian
Historically installing Debian has not been a very user friendly process. There are automated installers now but it can still be a fiddly job. The easiest way is probably to use Virtual Box (See links below). If it does not have to Debian itself then Ubuntu is probably a neater solution and is itself based on Debian. But if you are running Mac OS X you already have a full UNIX system so may not need a pretend one.
It is very difficult to build a LiveCD from scratch. Basically, you need a kernel that can read ISO9660 images, a file system image (either squashfs or cloop), and an overlay system, to make it look like you are changing things on the file system, but are erased on shutdown. The overlay is one of the most difficult things to construct from scratch, which is why I recommend you use a base CD from an existing LiveCD distro. There are several distros you can use as a base, and several tools you can use to help you. Ubuntu, Debian, Knoppix, and Slax are the most popular bases for LiveCDs. To remaster the image, you can: * Use Remastersys (for Ubuntu). * Use DRUDell (for Ubuntu) * Use Revisor (Fedora) * Use mklivecd (Debian and Madriva) * Use Custom NimbleX (online LiveCD creator, based on Slackware) * Do it manually, via the command line. The instructions vary per distro on the command line. Basically, you copy all the contents off an ISO image, mount the compressed file system, copy it's contents to another folder, chroot into those contents, make changes, build a new compressed image, and build the contents back into an ISO image. While this method is more difficult (or at least more tedious), it allows you far more power to customize.
Go to the apple menu, choose about this mac, the version is listed under the apple logo.
This very much depends on what you are trying to do. As a general desktop with no particular goals, Redhat/Fedora, Mandrake, SuSE, Debian and Ubuntu are more or less equally easy to use.
Short answer, no. You can run a few versions of Linux as chroot environments on a Chromebook, but you cannot erase the ChromeOS system and install Linux natively.
The standard version of Linux Mint is an Ubuntu derivative. It uses Ubuntu's stable repositories along with its own, which means normal Mint users will likely have access to the same assortment of packages as Ubuntu users through the package repositories. Ubuntu uses the Unity desktop GUI by default, a more tablet-oriented (touch interface) that as of now doesn't have a lot of fans. Linux Mint has two standard desktop GUI available: There's MATE (Which is a fork of GNOME 2.x) and Cinnamon (Which is a desktop built around GNOME Shell (GNOME 3) that doesn't stray too far from a GNOME 2.x design. There is also Linux Mint Debian Edition. (Like with the standard version, LMDE primarily comes in MATE or Cinnamon flavors.) Instead of deriving its packages from Ubuntu, as standard Linux Mint does, this version of Mint is derived from Debian Testing/Unstable, and is a semi-rolling release distribution. Instead of discrete versions, it has big update packages you install instead. Ubuntu also derives from Debian Testing/Unstable. In essence, every Ubuntu release is really a stabilized snapshot of Debian's development branches mixed in with their own distribution-specific software. This is meant to be stable, production-ready software, whereas LMDE will favor a more "intermediate users" approach and won't always guarantee the stability or quality of its packages. LMDE does not directly use Debian (nor Ubuntu's) repositories, though it can easily be configured to use Debian Testing's repositories, and can even be fully converted all the way into a Debian Testing installation. Ubuntu doesn't really have a "power" flavor. There used to be Gobuntu, but its aim was less "advanced users go here" and more the same goal as gNewSense: A system designed to show what does and does not get delivered in a 100% Free Software Foundation -compliant Linux distribution. FSF compliance is another rant altogether, however. Gobuntu itself is not an active distribution anymore, due to lack of interest.
Ubuntu Server Edition is a free and open-source operating system for use in servers.
You can use the Ubuntu operating system as you would use any other operating system! Unlike MS Windows, which is propriety and has to be paid for, Ubuntu is a free, open-source operating system that can be downloaded for free, and copied and given away as much as you like! I recommend searching Google for more info.
That depends on the particular distribution. Debian-based distros (like Ubuntu) use apt-get:apt-get install packagenameFedora uses YUM:yum install packagename
There is no command as such. Unlike in Windows, a program in Linux does not have to register it's existence in a list or registry. If you installed the program manually, or use a distro without a package manager, there is no way to determine what is installed. On distros that have package managers, such as Debian, Fedora, or Ubuntu, you can usually print an output of installed packages. In Debian / Ubuntu, use the commanddpkg --get-selections | lessto scroll through a list of installed packages. I do not recall offhand what you would do in Fedora or Red Hat.