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Carbon dioxide and water are a by product of cellular metabolism. They combine to make H2CO3, carbonic acid. This acid circulates in your blood and reaches your cerebral spinal fluid. There are central chemoreceptors for hydrogen ion concentration that monitor the pH level of your cerebral spinal fluid. (the carbonic acid has hydrogen ions) Normally you would exhale these hydrogen ions during respiration. But, you are holding your breath.
The build up of carbonic acid causes your cerebral spinal fluid acid level to lower. The central chemoreceptors for hydrogen ion concentration in your cerebral spinal fluid excite the inspiratory center of the medulla. The medulla exerts autonomic control over the lungs via the inspiratory center. You will inhale when these levels increase to a level where this autonomic control center takes over.
Hope this helps. It's all physiology and chemistry.
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